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Genet dynamics and ecological functions of the pioneer ectomycorrhizal fungi Laccaria amethystina and Laccaria laccata in a volcanic desert on Mount Fuji

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Abstract

To understand the reproduction of the pioneer ectomycorrhizal fungi Laccaria amethystina and Laccaria laccata in a volcanic desert on Mount Fuji, Japan, the in situ genet dynamics of sporocarps were analysed. Sporocarps of the two Laccaria species were sampled at fine and large scales for 3 and 2 consecutive years, respectively, and were genotyped using microsatellite markers. In the fine-scale analysis, we found many small genets, the majority of which appeared and disappeared annually. The high densities and annual renewal of Laccaria genets indicate frequent turnover by sexual reproduction via spores. In the large-scale analysis, we found positive spatial autocorrelations in the shortest distance class. An allele-clustering analysis also showed that several alleles were distributed in only a small, localised region. These results indicate that Laccaria spores contributing to sexual reproduction may be dispersed only short distances from sporocarps that would have themselves been established via rare, long-distance spore dispersal. This combination of rare, long-distance and frequent, short-distance Laccaria spore dispersal is reflected in the establishment pattern of seeds of their host, Salix reinii.

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Acknowledgments

This study was partly supported by Grants-in-Aid (S) and (A) (No. 16101008 and 21248018) from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Agroforestry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh

    Md. Abdul Wadud

  2. Graduate School of Frontier Science, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwanoha 5-1-5, Kashiwa, Chiba, 277-8563, Japan

    Kazuhide Nara

  3. Asian Natural Environmental Science Center, The University of Tokyo, Midori-cho 1-1-8, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo, 188-0002, Japan

    Chunlan Lian

  4. Biological Resource Center, NITE (NBRC), Kazusakamatari 2-5-8, Kisarazu, Chiba, 292-0818, Japan

    Takahide A. Ishida

  5. Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8657, Japan

    Taizo Hogetsu

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  1. Md. Abdul Wadud
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  2. Kazuhide Nara
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  3. Chunlan Lian
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  4. Takahide A. Ishida
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Correspondence to Taizo Hogetsu.

Appendix. Excel macro program for an allele-clustering test

Appendix. Excel macro program for an allele-clustering test

The sheet used for the macro program was composed of three areas beneath a title row (R): data, allele-type and calculation ones. In the data area (column 2: C2 to C26), we placed genotypic data of each genet in a single row (R), which contained sequential cells for genet number (C2), sampling year (C3), patch number (C4), x-coordinate (C5), y-coordinate (C6) and paired alleles in all loci (C7 to C26). For Laccaria laccata data, C17 to C26 were blank.

In the allele-type area (C29 to C34), all allele types were manually picked from the genotype table of all genets (C7 to C26) and listed in C30 in order of locus, with their locus names in C29. The frequency and occurrence number of each allele type in a locus were calculated from the genotype table (C7 to C26) and entered in C31 and C32, in the row in which the allele type was listed. The numbers of all allele types listed in C30 (MAXALTYPE) and all genets in the data area (MAXGENET) were entered in R3C34 and R5C34, respectively.

In the calculation area (C36 to C41), cells in C36 and C37 were used by the program to output the actual average distance between positions of each allele type and the cluster score (CSCORE), respectively. When actual and simulated average distances between positions of each allele type were calculated, the program temporally stored the pair of x- and y-coordinates of all positions of the allele type in C38 and C39, respectively. The program also returned the combination of the number of each patch containing the allele type and its occurrence number in the patch, into cells to the right of C41. The macro program was written as follows:

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Wadud, M.A., Nara, K., Lian, C. et al. Genet dynamics and ecological functions of the pioneer ectomycorrhizal fungi Laccaria amethystina and Laccaria laccata in a volcanic desert on Mount Fuji. Mycorrhiza 24, 551–563 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-014-0571-x

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