Skip to main content

Organic and mineral fertilization, respectively, increase and decrease the development of external mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a long-term field experiment

Mycorrhiza volume 16, pages 159–166 (2006)Cite this article

Abstract

Effects of long-term mineral fertilization and manuring on the biomass of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were studied in a field experiment. Mineral fertilization reduced the growth of AMF, as estimated using both measurements of hyphal length and the signature fatty acid 16:1ω5, whereas manuring alone increased the growth of AMF. The results of AMF root colonization followed the same pattern as AMF hyphal length in soil samples, but not AMF spore densities, which increased with increasing mineral and organic fertilization. AMF spore counts and concentration of 16:1ω5 in soil did not correlate positively, suggesting that a significant portion of spores found in soil samples was dead. AMF hyphal length was not correlated with whole cell fatty acid (WCFA) 18:2ω6,9 levels, a biomarker of saprotrophic fungi, indicating that visual measurements of the AMF mycelium were not distorted by erroneous involvement of hyphae of saprotrophs. Our observations indicate that the measurement of WCFAs in soil is a useful research tool for providing information in the characterization of soil microflora.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

43,34 €

Price includes VAT (Finland)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

References

  • Anderson TH, Domsch KH (1989) Ratio of microbial biomass carbon to total organic carbon in arable soils. Soil Biol Biochem 21:471–479

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balser TC, Treseder KK, Ekenler M (2005) Using lipid analysis and hyphal length to quantify AM and saprotrophic fungal abundance along a soil chronosequence. Soil Biol Biochem 37:601–604

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bethlenfalvay GJ, Cantrell IC, Mihara KL, Schreiner RP (1999) Relationships between soil aggregation and mycorrhizae as influenced by soil biota and nitrogen nutrition. Biol Fertil Soils 28:356–363

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cavigelli AC, Robertson GP, Klug MJ (1995) Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles as a measure of soil microbial community structure. Plant Soil 170:99–113

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Douds DD, Galvez L, Franke-Snyder M, Reider C, Drinkwater LE (1997) Effect of compost addition and crop rotation point upon VAM fungi. Agric Ecosyst Environ 65:257–266

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frostegåård Å, Bååth E (1996) The use of phospholipid fatty acid analysis to estimate bacterial and fungal biomass in soil. Biol Fertil Soils 22:59–65

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galvez L, Douds DD, Drinkwater LE, Wagoner P (2001) Effect of tillage and farming system upon VAM fungus populations and mycorrhizas and nutrient uptake of maize. Plant Soil 228:299–308

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gavito ME, Olsson PA (2003) Allocation of plant carbon to foraging and storage in arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 45:181–187

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerdemann JW, Nicolson TH (1963) Spores of mycorrhizal Endogone extracted from soil by wet sieving and decanting. Trans Br Mycol Soc 46:235–244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giovannetti M, Mosse B (1980) An evaluation of techniques for measuring vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal infection in roots. New Phytol 84:489–500

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gryndler M, Vejsadová H, Vanèura V (1992) The effect of magnesium ions on the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection of maize roots. New Phytol 122:455–460

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gryndler M, Hršelová H, Vosátka M, Votruba J, Klír J (2001) Organic fertilization changes the response of mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and their sporulation to mineral NPK supply. Folia Microbiol 46:540–542

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gryndler M, Vosátka M, Hršelová H, Chvátalová I, Jansa J (2002) Interaction between arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and cellulose in growth substrate. Appl Soil Ecol 19:279–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gryndler M, Hršelová H, Klír J, Kubát J (2003) Long-term fertilization affects the abundance of saprotrophic microfungi degrading resistant forms of soil organic matter. Folia Microbiol 48:76–82

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Guadarrama P, Álvarez-Sánchez J, Estrada-Torres A (2004) Phosphorus dependence in seedlings of a tropical pioneer tree: the role of arbuscular mycorrhizae. J Plant Nutr 27:2159–2174

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Harinikumar KM, Bagyaraj DJ (1989) Effect of cropping sequence, fertilizers and farmyard manure on vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in different crops over three consecutive seasons. Biol Fertil Soils 7:173–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harwood JL, Russell NJ (1984) Lipids in plants and microbes. Allen & Unwin, London

    Google Scholar 

  • Hayman DS (1982) Influence of soils and fertility on activity and survival of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Phytopathology 72:1119–1125

    Google Scholar 

  • Hodge A, Campbell CD, Fitter AH (2001) An arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus accelerates decomposition and acquires nitrogen directly from organic material. Nature 413:297–299

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ibekwe AM, Kennedy AC (1999) Fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profiles as a tool to investigate community structure of two agricultural soils. Plant Soil 206:151–161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jakobsen I, Joner E, Larsen J (1994) Hyphal phosphorus transport: a keystone to mycorrhizal enhancement of plant growth. In: Gianinazzi S, Schuepp H (eds) Impact of arbsucular mycorrhizas on sustainable agriculture and natural ecosytems. Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, pp 133–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Jansa J, Gryndler M, Matucha M (1999) Comparison of the lipid profiles of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and soil saprophytic fungi. Symbiosis 26:247–264

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johansen A, Jakobsen I, Jensen ES (1994) Hyphal N transport by a vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus associated with cucumber grown at three nitrogen levels. Plant Soil 160:1–9

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Joner EJ (2000) The effect of long-term fertilization with organic and inorganic fertilizers on mycorrhiza-mediated phosphorus uptake in subterranean clover. Biol Fertil Soils 32:435–440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Joner EJ, Jakobsen I (1995) Growth and extracellular phosphatase activity of arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae as influenced by soil organic matter. Soil Biol Biochem 27:1153–1159

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kabir Z, O’Halloran IP, Fyles JW, Hamel C (1998) Dynamics of the mycorrhizal symbiosis of corn (Zea mays L.): effects of host physiology, tillage practice and fertilization on spatial distribution of extra-radical mycorrhizal hyphae in the field. Agric Ecosyst Environ 68:151–163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen J, Olsson PA, Jakobsen I (1998) The use of fatty acid signatures to study mycelial interactions between the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices and the saprothrophic fungus Fusarium culmorum in root-free soil. Mycol Res 102:1491–1496

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen J, Ravnskov S, Jakobsen I (2003) Combined effects of an AM fungus and BCA bacteria against the root pathogen Pythium ultimum in soil. Folia Geobot 38:145–154

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madan R, Pankhurst C, Hawke B, Smith S (2002) Use of fatty acids for identification of AM fungi and estimation of the biomass of AM spores in soil. Soil Biol Biochem 34:125–128

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malcová R, Gryndler M, Vosátka M (2002) Magnesium ions alleviate the negative effect of manganese on Glomus claroideum BEG23. Mycorrhiza 12:125–129

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Malcová R, Vosátka M, Gryndler M (2003) Effects of inoculation with Glomus intraradices on lead uptake by Zea mays L. and Agrostis capillaris L. Appl Soil Ecol 23:55–67

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marschner P, Kandeler E, Marschner B (2003) Structure and function of the soil microbial community in a long-term fertilizer experiment. Soil Biol Biochem 35:453–461

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oehl F, Sieverding E, Mäder P, Dubois D, Ineichen K, Boller T, Wiemken A (2004) Impact of long-term conventional and organic farming on the diversity of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Oecologia 138:574–583

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Olsson PA (1999) Signature fatty acids provide tools for determination of the distribution and interactions of mycorrhizal fungi in soil. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 29:303–310

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olsson PA, Johansen A (2000) Lipid and fatty acid composition of hyphae and spores of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi at different growth stages. Mycol Res 104:429–434

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Olsson PA, Bååth E, Jakobsen I, Söderström B (1995) The use of phospholipid and neutral lipid fatty acids to estimate biomass of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in soil. Mycol Res 99:623–629

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Olsson PA, Bååth E, Jakobsen I (1997) Phosphorus effects on the mycelium and storage structures of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus as studied in the soil and roots by analysis of fatty acid signatures. Appl Environ Microbiol 63:3531–3538

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Paszkowski U, Boller T (2002) The growth defect of ltr1, a maize mutant lacking lateral roots, can be complemented by symbiotic fungi or high phosphate nutrition. Planta 214:584–590

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ratledge C, Wilkinson SG (eds) (1988) Microbial lipids, vol 1. Academic, New York

  • Ravnskov S, Larsen J, Olsson PA, Jakobsen I (1999) Effect of various organic compounds on growth and phosphorus uptake of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. New Phytol 141:517–524

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sanders FE, Tinker PB, Black RLB, Palmerley SM (1977) The development of endomycorrhizal root systems. I. Spread of infection and growth-promoting effects with four species of vesicular-arbuscular endophyte. New Phytol 78:257–268

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • St.-Arnaud M, Hamel C, Vimard B, Caron M, Fortin JA (1997) Inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. dianthi in non-VAM species Dianthus caryophyllus by co-culture with Tagetes patula companion plants colonized by Glomus intraradices. Can J Bot 75:998–1005

    Google Scholar 

  • St.-John TV, Coleman DC, Reid CPP (1983) Association of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae with soil organic particles. Ecology 64:957–959

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sylvia DM (1988) Activity of external hyphae of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Soil Biol Biochem 20:39–43

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson BD, Robson AD, Abbott LK (1992) The effect of long-term application of phosphorus fertilizer on populations of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in pastures. Aust J Agric Resour 43:1131–1142

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thygesen K, Larsen J, Bødker L (2004) Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi reduce development of pea root-rot caused by Aphanomyces euteiches using oospores as pathogen inoculum. Eur J Plant Pathol 110:411–419

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vestal JR, White DC (1989) Lipid analysis in microbial ecology. Bioscience 39:535–541

    PubMed  Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson SG (1988) Gram-negative bacteria. In: Ratledge C, Wilkinson SG (eds) Microbial lipids, vol 1. Academic, New York, pp 299–488

    Google Scholar 

  • Witter E, Kanal A (1998) Characteristics of the soil microbial biomass in soils from a long-term field experiment with different levels of C input. Appl Soil Ecol 10: 37–49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zelles L (1997) Phospholipid fatty acid profiles in selected members of soil microbial communities. Chemosphere 35:275–294

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zelles L (1999) Fatty acid patterns of phospholipids and lipopolysaccharides in the characterisation of microbial communities in soil: a review. Biol Fertil Soils 29:111–129

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The research was supported by grant no. 526/03/0188 of the Grant Agency of the Czech Republic and Institutional Research Concept No. AV0Z50200510. Our thanks are due to Lone Fink and Tina Tønnersen for their excellent technical support concerning fatty acid analysis.

Author information

Affiliations

  1. Institute of Microbiology CAS, Division of Ecology, Vídeňská 1083, CZ 142 20, Prague 4, Czech Republic

    M. Gryndler, H. Hršelová, V. Řezáčová & H. Gryndlerová

  2. Danish Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Integrated Pest Management, Research Centre Flakkebjerg, Flakkebjerg, 4200, Slagelse, Denmark

    J. Larsen

  3. Research Institute for Crop Production, Drnovská 507, CZ 161 06, Prague 6, Czech Republic

    J. Kubát

Authors
  1. M. Gryndler
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. J. Larsen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. H. Hršelová
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. V. Řezáčová
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. H. Gryndlerová
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. J. Kubát
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to M. Gryndler.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Gryndler, M., Larsen, J., Hršelová, H. et al. Organic and mineral fertilization, respectively, increase and decrease the development of external mycelium of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a long-term field experiment. Mycorrhiza 16, 159–166 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-005-0027-4

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00572-005-0027-4

Keywords

  • Whole cell fatty acids (WCFAs)
  • Mycelium
  • Soil microorganisms
  • Fertilization
  • AMF