Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Performance analysis of PV based battery integrated e-rickshaw with regenerative braking

  • Technical Paper
  • Published:
Microsystem Technologies Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This article presents a solar photovoltaic (PV) array and battery powered electric rickshaw model. voltage source inverter (VSI) fed brushless direct current (BLDC) motors power e-rickshaws. The maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique on dc–dc converter connected between the PV array and DC bus is used to ensure continuous input and output current with minimum ripple. The regenerating braking energy of the electric vehicle makes it more efficient and provides wider operational range in comparison to the conventional electric vehicle. During regenerating braking mode VSI is operated like boost converter, to boost the back electromotive force (back-emf) of the motor and charges the battery at faster rate. The motor kinematic energy is recovered and supplied to the battery. A noble close loop two-boost method is employed on VSI fed BLDC motor drive system. In a MATLAB/SIMULINK environment, the model is created. On the OPAL-RT platform, a model is tested in real-time. It has been observed that the real-time results validate the results of MATLAB/SIMULINK. Additionally, a comparison is made between the two-boost and single-boost methods. The result shows that the recovered energy is more than twice that of the single-boost method.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Data sharing is not applicable to this article, as no datasets were generated or analyzed during the current research work.

Abbreviations

\(V_{o}\) :

Output voltage of boost converter

\(V_{mp}\) :

Voltage of PV array

L :

Inductor of boost converter

\(I_{mp}\) :

Current of PV array

\(I_{o}\) :

Output current of boost converter

\(V_{oc}\) :

Open-Circuit voltage of PV

\(C_{2}\) :

Output capacitor of boost converter

\(I_{sc}\) :

Short circuit current of PV

ΔI L :

Ripple current of bidirectional converter

\(F_{sw}\) :

Switching frequency

\(v_{bat}\) :

Lithium-ion Battery voltage

ΔV:

Boost converter Output voltage ripple

Δ \(V_{dc}\) :

Ripple voltage of bidirectional Converter

\(\Delta i_{1}\) :

Boost converter Output current ripple

\(V_{dc}\) :

DC bus Voltage

D :

Duty cycle

\(\Delta I_{L} \) :

Ripple current of buck-boost converter

\(V_{in}\) :

Input voltage of the boost converter

\(I_{bat}\) :

Battery current

\(P_{pv}\) :

Power of PV array

E :

Back-emf

References

  • Babichev MM, Pasynkov YA (2016) Specific characteristics of a PWM signal based on sawtooth voltage. In: 2016 13th international scientific-technical conference on actual problems of electronics instrument engineering (APEIE). IEEE, pp 291–293. https://doi.org/10.1109/APEIE.2016.7802279

  • Bahrami M, Mokhtari H, Dindar A (2019) Energy regeneration technique for electric vehicles driven by a brushless DC motor. IET Power Electron 12(13):3397–3402. https://doi.org/10.1049/iet-pel.2019.0024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Balasubramanian B, Huzefa AC (2017) Development of regeneration braking model for electric vehicle range improvement. In: 2017 IEEE transportation electrification conference (ITEC-India), IEEE, pp 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/ITEC-India.2017.8333825

  • Deepa UM, Bindu RG (2020) A novel switching scheme for regenerative braking and battery charging for BLDC motor drive used in electric vehicle. In: 2020 IEEE international power and renewable energy conference, IPRECON 2020. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Inc. https://doi.org/10.1109/IPRECON49514.2020.9315226

  • Eltamaly AM (2018) Performance of MPPT techniques of photovoltaic systems under normal and partial shading conditions. In: Advances in renewable energies and power technologies. Elsevier, pp 115–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-812959-3.00004-6

  • Faranda R, Leva S, Maugeri V (2008) MPPT techniques for PV systems: energetic and cost comparison. In: 2008 IEEE power and energy society general meeting - conversion and delivery of electrical energy in the 21st century. IEEE, pp 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1109/PES.2008.4596156

  • Kamal NA, Ibrahim AM (2018) Conventional, intelligent, and fractional-order control method for maximum power point tracking of a photovoltaic system: a review. In: Fractional order systems. Elsevier, pp 603–671. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-816152-4.00020-0

  • Koutroulis E, Kalaitzakis K, Voulgaris NC (2001) Development of a microcontroller-based, photovoltaic maximum power point tracking control system. IEEE Trans Power Electron 16(1):46–54. https://doi.org/10.1109/63.903988

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar Verma A, Singh B, Verma AK, Kaushik SC (2010) an isolated solar power generation using boost converter and boost inverter. Int J Eng Inf Technol 2(2):101–108 [Online]. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265478427

  • Maradzhiev IP, Grigorova TG, Dinkov EI (2018) Analysis and investigation of methods for energy recovering from BLDC motor. In: 2018 IX national conference with international participation (ELECTRONICA). IEEE, pp 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1109/ELECTRONICA.2018.8439296

  • Mishra S, Varshney A, Singh B, Parveen H (2021) Driving cycle based modelling and control of solar-battery fed RelSyn motor drive for light electric vehicle with energy regeneration. In: 2021 IEEE energy conversion congress and exposition (ECCE), IEEE, pp 5008–5013. https://doi.org/10.1109/ECCE47101.2021.9594989

  • Mohanraj D et al (2022) A review of BLDC motor: state of art, advanced control techniques, and applications. IEEE Access 10:54833–54869. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3175011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nian X, Peng F, Zhang H (2014) Regenerative braking system of electric vehicle driven by brushless DC motor. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 61(10):5798–5808. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2014.2300059

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riyadi S, Dwi Setianto YB (2019) Analysis and design of BLDC motor control in regenerative braking. In: 2019 international symposium on electrical and electronics engineering (ISEE). IEEE, pp 211–215. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEE2.2019.8920962

  • Saha B, Singh B, Sen A (2022) Solar PV integration to e-rickshaw with regenerative braking and sensorless control. IEEE Trans Ind Appl 58(6):7680–7691. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIA.2022.3201063

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Saha B, Singh B (2020) An approach for enhanced range with regenerative braking in solar PV-battery based e-rickshaw using sensorless BLDC motor drive. In: 2020 IEEE international conference on computing, power and communication technologies (GUCON). IEEE, pp 809–814. https://doi.org/10.1109/GUCON48875.2020.9231254

  • Sharma R, Kewat S, Singh B (2019) Robust 3IMPL control algorithm for power management of SyRG/PV/BES-based distributed islanded microgrid. IEEE Trans Ind Electron 66(10):7765–7777. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2018.2880673

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shchur I, Turkovskyi V (2020) Comparative study of brushless DC motor drives with different configurations of modular multilevel cascaded converters. In: 2020 IEEE 15th international conference on advanced trends in radioelectronics, telecommunications and computer engineering (TCSET). IEEE, pp 447–451. https://doi.org/10.1109/TCSET49122.2020.235473

  • Waag W, Sauer DU (2009) Secondary batteries—lead-acid systems, state-of-charge/health. In: Encyclopedia of electrochemical power sources. Elsevier, pp 793–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-044452745-5.00149-0

  • Xiao W, Dunford WG (2004) A modified adaptive hill climbing MPPT method for photovoltaic power systems. In: 2004 IEEE 35th annual power electronics specialists conference (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37551). IEEE, pp 1957–1963. https://doi.org/10.1109/PESC.2004.1355417

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand, India

    Arpita Basu & Madhu Singh

Authors
  1. Arpita Basu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Madhu Singh
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Arpita Basu.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Basu, A., Singh, M. Performance analysis of PV based battery integrated e-rickshaw with regenerative braking. Microsyst Technol (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-023-05583-x

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00542-023-05583-x

Search

Navigation