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Lifestyle factors and long-term survival in patients with chronic non-cancer pain: a nationwide cohort study in South Korea

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Abstract

Purpose

This study aimed to investigate the association of modifiable lifestyle factors with long-term survival outcomes in patients with chronic non-cancer pain (CNCP) in South Korea.

Methods

This population-based cohort study used data from the National Health Insurance Service database in South Korea. We considered three lifestyle factors from the standard health examination (smoking status, alcohol consumption, and physical activity).

Results

A total of 1,298,314 patients with CNCP were analyzed; moreover, the 5-year all-cause mortality rate was 3.3% (42,875 patients). In the multivariable Cox regression model, in the previous-smoker and current-smoker groups, it was 5% (hazard ratio [HR]:1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]:1.02–1.08; P = 0.003) and 65% (HR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.60–1.69; P < 0.001) higher, respectively, than that in the never-smoker group. The 5-year all-cause mortality was 19% (HR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.14–1.24; P < 0.001) higher in the heavy-alcohol-consumption group than in the non-alcohol-consumption group. Compared with those without mild physical activity, patients who engaged in mild physical activity for 1–3 (HR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.87–0.92; P < 0.001), 4–5 (HR: 0.88, 95% CI: 0.86–0.91; P < 0.001), and 6–7 (HR: 0.90, 95% CI: 0.88–0.93; P < 0.001) days per week exhibited a significantly decreased 5-year all-cause mortality. The association between moderate/intensive physical activity and 5-year all-cause mortality yielded similar results.

Conclusion

Lifestyle factors, including previous/current smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, and physical activity, were associated with a higher 5-year all-cause mortality risk among patients with CNCP in South Korea.

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Data availability

Data will be available upon reasonable request to corresponding author.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Gumi-Ro, 173, Beon-Gil, Bundang-Gu, Seongnam, 13620, South Korea

    Tak Kyu Oh & In-Ae Song

  2. Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea

    Tak Kyu Oh & In-Ae Song

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TKO designed the study, analyzed the data, interpreted the data, and drafted the manuscript. IAS contributed to the study conceptualization, acquisition of data, and review of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to In-Ae Song.

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Oh, T.K., Song, IA. Lifestyle factors and long-term survival in patients with chronic non-cancer pain: a nationwide cohort study in South Korea. J Anesth 37, 522–531 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00540-023-03197-1

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