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Surface deformation and secondary effects of the January 18, 2021 (Mw 6.5) San Juan (Argentina) earthquake from remote sensing techniques

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Abstract

On January 18, 2021, a moderate earthquake (Mw 6.5) occurred ~ 45 km southwest of San Juan, a city in Central-Western Argentina, at a relatively shallow depth of ~ 20 km. The earthquake caused damage to the environment and infrastructure in the affected area, which is home to ~ 600,000 residents. To assess ground deformation, identify the seismogenic source, and evaluate the extent of secondary effects, we utilized Differential Synthetic Aperture Radar Interferometry (DInSAR) techniques in combination with Sentinel-2 visible and infrared imagery, as well as field data. DInSAR results suggested centimeter-scale ground deformation around the epicenter, off-fault deformation linked to regional structures, and site effects, such as liquefaction and landslides. By combining the values extracted from a 3-year-long PSI and SBAS time series, we estimated a vertical displacement of approximately 4.5 cm near the epicenter. Off-fault deformation involves some degree of ground settling on top of a blind or buried section of the Papagallos fault system, the reactivation of a section of the Rinconada fault system, and liquefaction and ground settling processes in the Tulum Valley. Rockfalls were distributed throughout a geologically diverse terrain and along a NW swath, with their occurrence controlled by the shaking intensity. The total area affected by secondary effects was ~ 3800 km2. Based on the available focal mechanism solutions and the distribution of environmental damage, we propose a left-lateral strike-slip displacement in a blind NW-striking fault, although different interpretations are discussed. Finally, we estimated the epicentral depth from SBAS time series Bayesian Inversion and from differential travel times pP-P, obtaining a depth of 20–25 km.

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Data availability

The Earthquake catalogs from International Seismological Centre (ISC) are publicly available in the ISC Bulletin repository at https://doi.org/10.31905/D808B830. The Sentinel 1 images used for the DInSAR processing are publicly available in the Copernicus Open Access Hub repository at https://scihub.copernicus.eu/dhus/#/home. The rest of the data that supports the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.

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Acknowledgements

We thank the editor Ulrich Riller, topic editor Laura Giambiagi, and the anonymous reviewers for providing constructive suggestions and comments that greatly improved this work. This research was funded by PID CICITCA 2019-22 (Universidad Nacional de San Juan), PID 013 CONICET and PICT 2016/0995 FONCYT. Pablo A. Blanc and Bruno Colavitto acknowledge a postdoc fellowship provided by the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Alejandro Oro and Carolina Rivas also thank CONICET for supporting their PhD studies with a doctoral fellowship.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Libertador San Martín Oeste 1109, CPA: J5400ARL, San Juan, Argentina

    Alejandro Oro

  2. Gabinete de Neotectónica y Geomorfología, INGEO (Instituto de Geología Emiliano P. Aparicio) Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Ignacio de la Roza Oeste 590, CPA: J5402DCS, Rivadavia, San Juan, Argentina

    Pablo A. Blanc, Bruno Colavitto, Carolina Rivas, L. Martín Rothis, H. Nicolás Vargas & Laura P. Perucca

  3. Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), República Argentina, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Alejandro Oro, Pablo A. Blanc, Bruno Colavitto, L. Martín Rothis & Laura P. Perucca

  4. Departamento de Geofísica y Astronomía, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Av. Ignacio de La Roza Oeste 590, CPA: J5402DCS, Rivadavia, San Juan, Argentina

    Carolina Rivas

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  1. Alejandro Oro
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  2. Pablo A. Blanc
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  4. Carolina Rivas
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  7. Laura P. Perucca
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Contributions

AO: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft, visualization. PAB: conceptualization, methodology, formal analysis, investigation, writing—original draft, visualization. BC: conceptualization, investigation, writing—original draft, writing—review and editing. CR: investigation, writing—review. LPP: conceptualization, investigation, writing—original draft, supervision, resources, funding acquisition. MR: investigation. NV: investigation.

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Correspondence to Alejandro Oro or Pablo A. Blanc.

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Oro, A., Blanc, P.A., Colavitto, B. et al. Surface deformation and secondary effects of the January 18, 2021 (Mw 6.5) San Juan (Argentina) earthquake from remote sensing techniques. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 112, 2267–2291 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-023-02354-x

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