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Early Ordovician to early Silurian forearc accretionary processes in front of the Selety–Stepnyak arc in the Kokchetav area, northern Kazakhstan: implications for continental growth in the northwestern Altaids

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Abstract

In the Kokchetav area, a late Neoproterozoic to early Palaeozoic metamorphic, ophiolitic, and volcanic–sedimentary complex provides important insights into crustal accretion in the northwestern Altaids. We carried out a systematic study of the Northern Complex in the mélange within the Chaglinka, Zhanatalap, and Chelkar regions. The mélange includes fragments of mafic igneous rocks, pelagic cherts, volcaniclastic rocks, and turbidites. The mafic rocks have high Mg#, Cr, and Ni values, small negative Nb–Ta anomalies, juvenile εNd(t)–εHf(t) values, and low 87Sr/86Sr(i) ratios, suggesting they were derived from a depleted mantle source in a supra-subduction zone setting. The volcaniclastic rocks exhibit moderate light rare earth element enrichment, small negative Nb–Ta anomalies, juvenile εNd(t)–εHf(t) values, and low 87Sr/86Sr(i) ratios, indicating they were derived from arc-related igneous rocks. The granites have features consistent with high-Sr/Y or A-type granites and variable εNd(t) and εHf(t) values, implying they formed by melting of arc-related volcanogenic sediments in the mélange. Zircon U–Pb ages for the volcaniclastic rocks vary from 540 to 423 Ma (Early Cambrian to late Silurian). These ages are consistent with those of volcanic rocks exposed in the Stepnyak–Selety arc. Subduction of the oceanic lithosphere beneath the Stepnyak–Selety arc may have occurred during the Early Cambrian and was followed by roll-back of the subducting slab during the Early Ordovician and continued subduction in the early Silurian. The successive subduction and accretion resulted in gradual maturation of the Stepnyak–Selety arc, which produced the compositionally and isotopically variable igneous rocks in the Kokchetav mélange zone and generated the juvenile crust of present-day northern Kazakhstan.

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Data availability

The data underlying this article are available in the article’s online supplementary materials (ESM 1–3). They are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

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Acknowledgements

We thank Brian Windley, Peng Gao, Kefa Zhou, Yichao Chen, Xiangkuan Gong and Abuduxun Nijiati for assistance and/or discussions. This study was financially supported by the West Light Foundation of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (2021–XBQNXZ–016, 2016–QNXZ–B–14), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41803036, 41888101), the “Tianshan Cedar Wood” Science and Technology Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (2019Q087), the Science and Technology Major Project of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China (2021A03001) and the Project of China–Pakistan Joint Research Center on Earth Sciences of the CAS (131551KYSB20200021). This study was financially supported by the High Level Talent Introduction Program of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region 2018. This is a contribution to IGCP 662 and 710.

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  1. Xinjiang Research Center for Mineral Resources, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ürümqi, 830011, China

    Xiaoliang Jia, Wenjiao Xiao, Miao Sang, Peng Huang, Shaole An, Qigui Mao, Zhou Tan & Hao Wang

  2. Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China

    Wenjiao Xiao & Mingguo Zhai

  3. College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Wenjiao Xiao & Mingguo Zhai

  4. State Key Laboratory of Continental Dynamics, Department of Geology, Northwest University, Xi’an, 710069, China

    Liang Li

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Jia, X., Xiao, W., Sang, M. et al. Early Ordovician to early Silurian forearc accretionary processes in front of the Selety–Stepnyak arc in the Kokchetav area, northern Kazakhstan: implications for continental growth in the northwestern Altaids. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 112, 2161–2180 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-023-02347-w

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