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Mineral chemistry, geochemistry and geophysical investigations of Simlipal volcanics from Eoarchean Singhbhum Craton (Eastern India): geodynamic implications of pervasive plume–lithosphere interaction

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Abstract

Singhbhum craton in eastern India is one of the oldest and perhaps geologically and geophysically most complex geological terrains on the surface of the Earth, containing a number of intra-cratonic Archean volcanic suites. In the present study, we investigate Mesoarchean volcanic rocks of the Simlipal complex, a tiger reserve in the Mayurbhanj district of Odisha (India). Our results provide a new understanding of the regional geodynamic scenario of the Eoarchean Singhbhum craton, including the nature of plume–lithosphere interaction based on the detailed analysis of geological, geochemical and geophysical data. Whole-rock geochemical studies exhibit large variation in SiO2 (39.30–60.57 wt%), TiO2 (0.20–1.55 wt%), Al2O3 (4.45–15.63 wt%), MgO (5.25–37.00 wt%) and CaO (3.46–11.26 wt%) with low to moderately high Cr (50–1503 ppm) and Ni (36–550 ppm) contents. These rocks are cumulates to porphyritic and petrographically and geochemically, can be classified as ultramafic (lherzolite, pyroxenite), picrite, basalt, basaltic andesite, andesite and boninite. Their trace elements and HFSE/REE patterns indicate that they belong to the same parental magma. Rare earth elements and trace element patterns exhibit moderate fractionation with a coherent pattern of (La/Yb)n: 1.38–8.50, (Gd/Yb)n: 0.92–2.59 and (La/Sm)n: 1.11–4.40, consistent with polybaric melting. The present study suggests that these rocks were generated by decompressive melting of a mantle plume head at a depth of garnet to spinel lherzolite field together with fractional crystallization and crustal contamination in the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM), which is corroborated by the highly uplifted nature of this terrain, associated with positive gravity anomalies. This plume had a mantle potential temperature between 1400 and 1700 °C and pressure reaching 4.4 GPa. Massive upwarping of the lower crust to an extremely shallow depth of about 4 km from the surface, 21 km thick magmatic underplating above the Moho and the lithosphere asthenosphere boundary at 81 km, would support plume-induced active crust–mantle thermal interaction and extremely warm and deformed nature of the lithosphere beneath the Simlipal volcanic complex. Based on the findings of millerite (NiS), quench/spinifex texture and shock metamorphic features in these volcanic rocks, we infer that there could be a possibility that the suggested mantle plume in the study area may have been triggered by an asteroidal impact.

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Fig. 1
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Fig. 6

modified from Franz and Wirth 2000)

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Fig. 8

taken from Sun and McDonough (1989)

Fig. 9
Fig. 10

source as represented by small dashed line over the red line (mineralogy and melting proportion from Hanson 1980). Primitive mantle (PM) value is from Sun and McDonough (1989). The studied samples plot along the line of AFC (assimilation-fractional-crystallization) and restricted above the chondrite line, suggesting progressive crustal contamination or AFC. c Dy/Yb vs La/Yb plot for the Simlipal volcanic rocks indicating garnet and spinel peridotite stability field and d Sm vs Sm/Yb plot (after Zhao and Zhou 2007) indicating 10–30% melting of spinel lherzolite and spinel garnet lherzolite of Simlipal volcanics. Melting curves are after Aldanmaz et al. (2000). DM and PM stand for depleted and primitive mantle, respectively. A series of mode and melt mode curves is drawn for spinel (Kinzler 1997) and garnet lherzolite (Walter 1998)

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Fig. 17

taken from google Earth. Strong correlation between positive gravity field and elevation would indicate massive regional uplift of Simlipal volcanic complex, due to mantle thermal upwelling and massive magmatic underplating

Fig. 18

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Acknowledgements

We are thankful to Drs. S. Nirmal Charan, D.V. Subbarao and Prachiti Kanakdande for helpful discussions and Mr. Vittal for drafting some of the figures. We also thank Drs. V. Balram, M. Satyanarayanan, A. Keshav Krishna and Prof. N.V. Chalapathi Rao for their help in ICPMS, XRF and EPMA analysis. G. Parthasarathy is grateful to NIAS and INSA for the support under the INSA Senior Scientist scheme. O.P. Pandey thanks CSIR (New Delhi) for granting Emeritus Scientist position at CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad. We are also grateful to Professor Dr. Wolf-Christian Dullo, Editor in Chief, for very useful and constructive suggestions and the two anonymous reviewers for their immensely helpful comments that greatly improved our paper. The permission accorded by the Director, CSIR- National Geophysical Research Institute Hyderabad to publish this work is gratefully acknowledged. This is CSIR-NGRI contribution No. NGRI/Lib/2021/ Pub-136.

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  1. Geological Survey of India, Bandlaguda, Hyderabad, 500068, India

    S. K. Dwivedi & Priyanka Tripathi

  2. CSIR-National Geophysical Research Institute, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, 500 007, India

    S. H. Jafri, D. Srinivasa Sarma & O. P. Pandey

  3. National Institute of Advance Studies, School of Natural Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India

    G. Parthasarathy

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Dwivedi, S.K., Jafri, S.H., Sarma, D.S. et al. Mineral chemistry, geochemistry and geophysical investigations of Simlipal volcanics from Eoarchean Singhbhum Craton (Eastern India): geodynamic implications of pervasive plume–lithosphere interaction. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 111, 1149–1184 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-022-02170-9

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  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-022-02170-9

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