Abstract
In Central Asia, the Carboniferous is a crucial period in the formation of the Tianshan Belt and associated bending of the Kazakhstan tectonic collage. In order to reveal Carboniferous magmatic events of the region and their tectonic implications, we conducted field investigations, zircon U–Pb dating, whole-rock geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic studies on the Early Carboniferous Dahalajunshan Formation and Late Carboniferous Yishijilike Formation volcanic rocks of the Wusun Mountain Range (southern Yili-Central Tianshan Block). Volcanic rocks of the Dahalajunshan Formation consist of calc-alkaline basalt, andesite and dacite, yielding new zircon U–Pb ages of ~ 350 Ma. They have positive whole-rock εNd(t) values (+ 0.5 to + 1.6). In contrast, the Yishijilike Formation volcanic rocks dominantly comprise alkaline and calc-alkaline bimodal suites that erupted at ~ 337 Ma to 313 Ma and have higher whole-rock εNd(t) values (+ 2.3 to + 4.3). These two episodes of Carboniferous magmatism were correlated with partial melting of depleted mantle that metasomatized by slab-derived fluids. The late Carboniferous Wusun Mountain magmatic belt shows characteristics of a back-arc system that evolved due to trench retreat relative to the southern margin of the Yili-Central Tianshan Block. This mechanism induced an extensional regime with gradually depleting magma sources. The asymmetric retreat of the paleo-subduction zones of the South Tianshan Ocean and Junggar Ocean relative to the Yili-Central Tianshan Block was hence a vital driving force for the bending of the Kazakhstan Orocline.
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(modified from Schellart et al. 2007). c Schematic diagram for collision-induced rotation. CPBM: convergent plate boundary microblock (modified from Wallace et al. 2005). d Rollback-related tectonic model for the Kazakhstan Orocline (modified after Bazhenov et al. 2012; Li et al. 2017a, 2018) (1) ~ NW–SE quasi-linear subduction zone in the Early Devonian; (2) schematic illustration of the bending of the Kazakhstan collage system. See text for detailed discussion
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Data availability
All data used in this manuscript are found in Appendix Tables 1–4, and all data archiving is underway. We plan to use the EarthChem Library to store our data, and now we temporarily upload a copy of our data as Supporting Information for review purposes.
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Acknowledgements
This work is financially supported by grants of the NSFC (41872082, 41622205) and the fundamental research funds for the Central Universities (2652018116 and 2652018135). The support provided by the China Scholarship Council (CSC, 201908320260) is appreciated for financing the research stay of the first author in Belgium. Dr. Minjia Sun and Ms. Xiaomei Ma are thanked for their kind assistance during the field work. We appreciate Prof. Xiaoping Xia for generous helps during laboratory analysis. We would like to thank the editor for handling the manuscript, and two anonymous reviewers for their constructive and inspiring comments.
Funding
This work is financially supported by grants of the NSFC (41872082, 41622205) and the fundamental research funds for the Central Universities (2652018116 and 2652018135).
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KC designed this project and wrote the manuscript, XW and ZB participated in field work and data interpretation. MS, ZH and JDG helped with the writing of the final version of the manuscript. WS wrote the first draft of the paper, following discussion with, and contributions from, all authors. All authors approved the manuscript and agreed to its submission to the International Journal of Earth Sciences.
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No conflict of interest exists in the manuscript submission, and the manuscript is approved by all authors for publication. I declare on behalf of my co-authors that the work described is original and has not been published previously or under consideration for publication elsewhere, in whole or in part.
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Su, W., Cai, K., Sun, M. et al. Carboniferous back-arc extension in the southern Yili-Central Tianshan Block and its significance to the formation of the Kazakhstan Orocline: insights from the Wusun Mountain volcanic belt. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 111, 215–243 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-021-02111-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-021-02111-y