Abstract
Although there is a consensus about Pangea assemblage in northwestern Gondwana spanning from the Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian, the tectonics of the Permo–Triassic period, including the onset of Pangea breakup, is still controversial. In this context, three regional tectonic features need to be considered: (1) The Ouachita-Marathon-Sonora suture, (2) east-dipping subduction of the Panthalassa oceanic crust beneath Gondwana, and (3) an extensional setting documented in Colombia, Ecuador, and México suggesting Pangea breakup at ca. 240–220 Ma. A chemical, isotopic, and geochronological dataset is presented in this contribution to constrain the effects of these tectonic processes in the metamorphic basement of the Mérida Andes in western Venezuela. U–Pb Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry analyses on unpolished surfaces of zircons from orthogneisses yielded an average age of 251 ± 4 Ma. The corresponding δ18O values suggest metamorphic recrystallization of zircon instead of high-T fluid interaction. Rb–Sr and Sm–Nd geochronology in white mica and garnet yielded ages of 234 ± 3 Ma and 249 ± 2 Ma, respectively, whereas a younger Rb–Sr date of 197 ± 1 Ma was obtained from biotite. U–Pb and Sm–Nd ages constrain the latest Permian–earliest Triassic metamorphism in the Mérida Andes at 251 ± 4 Ma. Geothermobarometry data suggest amphibolite-facies peak metamorphic conditions at ~ 685 °C and ~ 6.0 kbar. Metamorphism might be related to post-orogenic collapse, after the collision of Gondwana and Laurentia to form Pangea. Rb–Sr ages suggest retrogression and cooling, possibly caused by thermal relaxation of a tectonically overthickened crust and onset of extensional setting, followed by Pangea breakup during the Late Triassic–Early Jurassic.
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Acknowledgements
We thank Sergio Padilla-Ramírez, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada B.C. (CICESE), México, for running the clean lab and the Nu-TIMS. Susana Rosas-Montoya, Víctor Pérez-Arroyo, and Gabriel Rendón-Márquez (all CICESE) for their help with sample preparation, and to Luis Gradilla-Martínez (CICESE) for performing CL images. We would also like to thank Liliana Corona and Ofelia Pérez-Arvizú, Laboratorio de Estudios Isotópicos (LEI-Centro de Geociencias UNAM) for assistance running the Neptune® MC-ICP-MS, Riana Rossouw for whole-rock chemical analyses at the Central Analytical Facilities (CAF) of the Stellenbosch University, and Thomas Ludwig for support with the O-isotope analyses at the Heidelberg Ion Probe (HIP) laboratory. This contribution was supported by CONACyT (Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología) Grants CB-2016-01-285638 and INFR-2016–01–269082, as well as DFG (German Science Foundation) grant SCHM 2521/4-1. We are grateful to Dr. Uwe Altenberger, Dr. Ulrich Riller, and one anonymous reviewer for their constructive comments that significantly improved the quality of this manuscript. We are also thankful to the guest editors Dr. Ulrich Riller, Dr. Laura Giambiagi, and Dr. Manfred Strecker for their invitation to participate in this Special Issue, as well as to IJES Editor-in-Chief Dr. Wolf-Christian Dullo.
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Tazzo-Rangel, M.D., Weber, B., Schmitt, A.K. et al. Permo–Triassic metamorphism in the Mérida Andes, Venezuela: new insights from geochronology, O-isotopes, and geothermobarometry. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 110, 2465–2493 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-020-01926-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-020-01926-5