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Analogue modeling of the role of multi-level decollement layers on the geometry of orogenic wedge: an application to the Zagros Fold–Thrust Belt, SW Iran

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Abstract

The presence of evaporate and incompetent formations (i.e., decollement horizons) within the sedimentary sequence of fold-thrust belts can control their structural style and deformation evolution. In the present study, the influence of the decollement layers (e.g., basal and internal decollement layers) on the deformation style of several segments of the Zagros Fold-Thrust Belt (ZFTB), SW Iran (e.g., Fars Arc, Dezful Embayment, and Izeh Zone) was investigated using a series of analogue models of accretionary wedges. The study of seismic profiles to understand the structural evolution of these segments of the belt, where several decollement intervals acted as basal and internal decollements, is complemented by the analogue model results. The experimental results reveal that the thickness of the internal decollement layers influences the creation of fold-dominated or thrust-dominated deformations, respectively. Experimental models and seismic data highlight that incompetent layers act as barrier units against fault propagation (in-sequence and/or out-of-sequence faults) into overlying strata towards southwest by fore-deformation and control the rate of deformation propagation in the ZFTB. The presence of both the basal and internal decollement layers located at different stratigraphic levels is required to form disharmonic decollement folds in the foreland of the ZFTB. In addition, the geometry, spacing, activity, and propagation of faults as well as the topographic height of the critical wedges are directly controlled by low-frictional decollements (Geophys J Int, 165(1):336–356 2006; Geochem Geophys Geosyst, 14:1131–1155 2013). The seismic profiles of the ZFTB showed that in addition to lithological contrasts, the existence and activity of deep-seated and basement faults had a big impact on the structural styles of the region.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Wolf-Christian Dullo, Editor-in-Chief, and Soumyajit Mukherjee Associate Editor of International Journal of Earth Sciences for their editorial authority and valuable comments. The constructive suggestions and comments by reviewers improved the content of the manuscript. Important supports by the Shiraz University Research Council are greatly acknowledged. The authors are especially indebted to the Exploration Directorate of the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) for providing the data set and interpretation facilities and permission to publish the seismic data used in this paper. Our thanks are also extended to all those working in The Analogue Laboratory of OMV at Vienna University, Austria where all the models of this study were made. We are grateful to Klemens Kaserer for his constructive suggestions and corporations about the analogue models. Andreas Gerner is acknowledged who helped us with the image processing. We also wish to thank Dr. F. Nilfouroushan and S.H. Sajedi for their useful suggestions.

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  1. Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran

    Mostafa Ghanadian & Ali Faghih

  2. Department of Sedimentology and Geodynamics, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria

    Bernhard Grasemann

  3. Exploration Directorate of the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC), Tehran, Iran

    Iraj Abdollahie Fard & Mehrdad Maleki

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Ghanadian, M., Faghih, A., Grasemann, B. et al. Analogue modeling of the role of multi-level decollement layers on the geometry of orogenic wedge: an application to the Zagros Fold–Thrust Belt, SW Iran. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 106, 2837–2853 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-017-1462-0

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