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Latest Pannonian and Quaternary evolution at the transition between Eastern Alps and Pannonian Basin: new insights from geophysical, sedimentological and geochronological data

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Abstract

The transition zone between Eastern Alps and Pannonian Basin is a key area for the investigation of the interplay between regional uplift, local tectonic subsidence and depositional environment. Our study area, the western margin of the Little Hungarian Plain, is characterized by gentle hills, plateaus and depressions, of which several are filled by lakes—including one of Austria’s largest and shallowest lakes, Lake Neusiedl. Geological investigation is hampered by the scarcity of outcrops, and thus direct observation of sedimentological or structural features is difficult. Despite a long research history in the area, a consistent landscape evolution model considering all relevant constraints is lacking so far. In this study, we apply multidisciplinary methods to decipher the complex tectonic and fluvial depositional evolution of the region. Local data from shallow-lake drilling and seismic investigation are combined with regional data from industrial seismics and core data to gain new insights into the latest Pannonian (Late Miocene) and Quaternary evolution. Shallow-lake seismic data show the erosionally truncated Pannonian sediments dipping and thickening toward southeast, toward the modern depocenter of the Little Hungarian Plain. Overlying Quaternary fluvial sediments show a very similar thickening trend except for the area on the plateau north of the lake indicating ongoing subsidence in major parts of the basin. Drill cores from locations along the lake seismic lines were analyzed concerning their age, mineralogy and heavy minerals and compared with outcrop samples from the surrounding plains and the plateau to derive indications on sediment provenance. A key observation is the apparent lack of a significant gravel layer on top of the tilted Pannonian sediments beneath Lake Neusiedl. Small-scale faults can be observed in the lake seismic sections along with key sedimentary features. Significant differences of the current elevation of the top Pannonian between the surrounding plains and the plateau indicate post-Pannonian normal faulting, which is a key process in shaping the present-day morphology of the region. Luminescence ages of samples from the Quaternary fluvial gravels on top of the Pannonian sediments are a significantly higher (>300 ka) compared to the gravels in the plain (102 ± 11 and 76 ± 8 ka), suggesting ongoing tectonic subsidence.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the Austrian Science Fund (FWF projects P20092-N10 and V151-N22) and University project FA 536001 [Karpatian Tectonics II]. Field work of the lake drillings and shallow-lake seismics was kindly supported by the Biologische Station (Alois Herzig), UWITEC, and students of the University of Vienna, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, and the University of Leeds. Many thanks to Maria Heinrich for the access to the counterflush data in the drill core archive of the Austrian Geological Survey and to OMV Austria Exploration and Production GmbH for the permission to use seismic lines in the Seewinkel area. The authors thank Franz Neubauer very much for the petrographic review of outcrop samples, Mathias Harzhauser for the paleontological investigation of the lake drill cores, Zsófia Ruszkiczay-Rüdiger for extensive discussions on the role of eolian erosion, Magda Bottig for heavy mineral counting, Markus Schwab for logistic support with coring and Hugh Rice for improving content and style. The improvements by Michal Kováč and an anonymous reviewer are highly appreciated.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. OMV Austria Exploration and Production GmbH, Protteser Strasse 40, 2230, Gänserndorf, Austria

    A. Zámolyi

  2. Department of Geography and Geology, University of Salzburg, Hellbrunnerstrasse 34, 5020, Salzburg, Austria

    B. Salcher

  3. Department of Geodynamics and Sedimentology, University of Vienna, UZA II, Althanstrasse 14, 1090, Vienna, Austria

    E. Draganits, M. Wagreich & S. Gier

  4. Department of Prehistoric and Historical Archaeology, University of Vienna, Franz-Klein-Gasse 1, 1190, Vienna, Austria

    E. Draganits

  5. Geological-Paleontological Department, Natural History Museum Vienna, Burgring 7, 1010, Vienna, Austria

    U. Exner

  6. Institute of Applied Geology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Straße 70, 1190, Vienna, Austria

    M. Fiebig

  7. Department of Geography, Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen, Senckenbergstraße 1, 35390, Giessen, Germany

    J. Lomax

  8. MTA-ELTE Geological Geophysical and Space Science Research Group, Budapest, Pázmány P. s. 1/c, 1117, Hungary

    G. Surányi

  9. Dunakeszi, Madách Imre u. 2/E, 2120, Hungary

    M. Diel

  10. Bautechnisches Institut, Karl Leitl Strasse 2, 4048, Puchenau bei Linz, Austria

    F. Zámolyi

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  1. A. Zámolyi
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Zámolyi, A., Salcher, B., Draganits, E. et al. Latest Pannonian and Quaternary evolution at the transition between Eastern Alps and Pannonian Basin: new insights from geophysical, sedimentological and geochronological data. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 106, 1695–1721 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-016-1383-3

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