References
Ader T, Avouac JP, Jing Liu-Zeng et al (2012) Convergence rate across the Nepal Himalaya and interseismic coupling on the Main Himalayan Thrust: implications for seismic hazard. J Geophys Res 117:B04403
Agarwal KK, Agrawal GK (2005) A genetic model of thrust bounded intermontane basin using scaled sandbox analogue models: an example from the Karewa Basin, Kashmir Himalayas, India. Int J Earth Sci 94(1):47–52
Ahmad S (2010) Tectonic Geomorphology of the Rambiara basin, southwest Kashmir Valley. M. Phil thesis. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir, p 89
Ahmad S (2014) Extension of out-of-sequence Balapur Fault and identification of other active faults on the eastern front of the Pir Panjal range, Kashmir valley, Ph.D. thesis. Department of Earth Sciences, University of Kashmir, p 174
Ahmad S, Bhat MI (2012) Tectonic geomorphology of the Rambiara basin, SW Kashmir Valley reveals emergent out-of-sequence active fault system. Himal Geol 33(2):162–172
Ahmad S, Bhat MI (2013) Investigating drainage response to the Balapur fault interaction on the northeastern Pir Panjal flank, Kashmir valley, India. J Himal Ecol Sustain Dev 8:121–137
Ahmad S, Bhat MI, Madden C, Bali BS (2013) Geomorphic analysis reveals active tectonic deformation on the eastern flank of the Pir Panjal Range, Kashmir Valley, India. Arab J Geosci. doi:10.1007/s12517-013-0900-y
Ahmad S, Bhat MI, Ahmad B, Alam A (2014a) Neotectonic activity along the northeastern flank of the Pir Panjal Range, west–southwest Kashmir Valley, India. In: Proceedings of International Geographical Union conference on Geohazards, Resource Sustainability and Mountain Response to Global Change held at Department of Geography and Regional Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 4th–5th June, 2014
Ahmad S, Bhat MI, Ahmad B, Alam A (2014b) Late quaternary landforms generated by the Balapur Fault and its kinematic analysis on the northeastern flank of the Pir Panjal Range, Kashmir Valley, India. In: Proceedings of International Geographical Union conference on Geohazards, Resource Sustainability and Mountain Response to Global Change held at Department of Geography and Regional Development, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 4th–5th June, 2014
Alam A, Ahmad S, Bhat MS, Ahmad B (2015a) Tectonic evolution of Kashmir basin in northwest Himalayas. Geomorphology 239:114–126. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.03.025
Alam A, Ahmad S, Bhat MS, Ahmad B (2015b) Response to the comment by Shah, A. A. (2015) and further evidence supporting the dextral strike-slip pull-apart evolution of the Kashmir basin along the central Kashmir fault (CKF). Geomorphology. doi:10.1016/j.geomorph.2015.06.017
Basavaiah N, Appel E, Lakshmi BV, Deenadayalan K, Satyanarayana KVV, Misra S, Juyal N, Malik MA (2010) Revised magnetostratigraphy and characteristics of the fluviolacustrine sedimentation of the Kashmir basin, India, during Pliocene-Pleistocene. J Geophys Res 115:B08105. doi:10.1029/2009JB006858
Bhat MI (1982) Thermal and tectonic evolution of Kashmir basin vis-à-vis petroleum prospects. Tectonophysics 88:117–132
Bhatt DK (1975) On the quaternary geology of the Kashmir valley with special reference to stratigraphy and sedimentation. Geol Surv India Misc Publ 24(1):188–203
Bhatt DK (1989) Lithostratigraphy of the Karewa Group, Kashmir valley, India and a critical review of its fossil record. Mem Geol Surv India 122:1–85
Burbank DW, Johnson GD (1982) Intermontane-basin development in the past 4 Myr in the north-west Himalaya. Nature 298:432–436
Burbank DW, Johnson GD (1983) The late Chronologic and stratigraphic development of the Kashmir intermontane basin, northwestern India. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 43:205–235
Burbank DW, Raynolds RRH (1988) Stratigraphic keys to the timing of thrusting in terrestrial foreland basins: applications to the Northwestern Himalaya. In: Kleinspehn KL, Paola C (eds) New prospective in basin analysis. Springer, New York, pp 331–351
Dar RA, Romshoo SA, Chandra R, Ahmad I (2014) Tectono-geomorphic study of the Karewa Basin of Kashmir Valley. J Asian Earth Sci 92:143–156
Datta NK (1983) Geology, evolution and hydrocarbon prospects of Kashmir valley. J Pet Asia 4:177–178
De Terra H, Paterson TT (1939) Studies on the ice age in India and associated human cultures, vol 493. Carnegie Institution, Baltimore
Farooqi IA, Desai RN (1974) Stratigraphy of Karewas, India. J Geol Surv India 15(3):299–305
Fuchs G (1975) Contribution to the geology of the northwestern Himalayas. Abh Geol Bund A 32:1–59
Ganju JL, Khar BM (1984) Tectonics and hydrocarbon prospects of Kashmir valley—possible exploratory targets. Pet Asia J 7(1):207–216
Gansser A (1964) Geology of the Himalayas. Wiley, New York
Gavillot YG (2014) Active tectonics of the Kashmir Himalaya (NW India) and earthquake potential on folds, out-of-sequence thrusts, and duplexes. Ph.D. thesis. Department of Geology and geophysics, Oregon State University, p 214
Geological Survey of India (1977) Geology and Mineral Resources of Jammu and Kashmir. Geology and Mineral Resources of the States of India, part X—J&K, state. Misc pub 30:1–71
Godwin-Austen HH (1859) On the lacustrine or Karewah deposits of Kashmir. Q J Geol Soc London 15(1):221–229
Godwin-Austen HH (1864) Geological notes on parts of the North-Western Himalayas. J Geol Soc London 20(1):383–388
Kaila KL, Krishna VG, Roychowdhry K, Norin M (1978) Structure of the Kashmir Himalayas from deep seismic sounding. J Geol Soc India 19:1–20
Kaneda H, Nakata T, Tsutsumi H, Kondo H, Sugito N, Awata Y, Akhtar SS, Majid A, Khattak W, Awan AA, Yeats RS, Hussain A, Kausar AB (2008) Surface rupture of the 2005 Kashmir, Pakistan, earthquake, and its active tectonic implications. Seism Soc Am Bull 98:521–557
Krishnan MS (1982) Geology of India and Burma. Higginbotham, Chennai
Kundu B, Yadav RK, Bali BS, Chowdhury S, Gahalaut VK (2014) Oblique convergence and slip partitioning in the NW Himalaya: implications from GPS measurements. Tectonics 33:2013–2024
Lave J, Avouac JP (2000) Active folding of fluvial terraces across the Siwaliks Hills, Himalayas of central Nepal. J Geophys Res 105:5735–5770
Lydekker R (1876) Notes on the geology of the Pir Panjal and neighbouring districts. Rec Geol Surv India 9:155–183
Lydekker R (1878) Notes on the Geology of Kashmir, Kishtwar and Pangi. Rec Geol Surv India 11(1):60–64
Lydekker R (1883) The geology of Kashmir and Chamba territories and the British district of Khagan. Mem Geol Surv India 22:344p
Madden C, Trench D, Meigs A, Ahmad S, Bhat MI, Yule JD (2010) Late quaternary shortening and earthquake chronology of an active fault in the Kashmir Basin, Northwest Himalaya. Seism Res Lett 81(2):346
Madden C, Ahmad S, Meigs A (2011) Geomorphic and paleoseismic evidence for late quaternary deformation in the southwest Kashmir Valley, India: out-of-sequence thrusting, or deformation above a structural ramp? AGU Abstracts T54B-07
Meigs A, Madden C, Yule JD et al (2010) Distributed deformation, distributed earthquakes in the northwest Himalaya. In: Proceedings of the 25th Himalaya-Karakoram-Tibet Workshop: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2010-1099
Meigs A, Madden C, Yule JD, Gavillot Y, Hebeler A, Hussain A, Bhat M, Kausar A, Malik M, Ramzan S (2012) Pattern, rate, and timing of surface rupturing earthquakes across the northwest Himalaya. Jour Him Er Sc 45(2):111–114
Meraj G, Romshoo SA, Yousuf AR, Altaf S, Altaf F (2015) Assessing the influence of watershed characteristics on the flood vulnerability of Jhelum basin in Kashmir Himalaya. Nat Hazards. doi:10.1007/s11069-015-1605-1
Middlemiss CS (1896) The geology of Hazara and Black mountains. Mem Geol Surv India 27:1–302
Middlemiss CS (1911) Sections in Pir Panjal and Sindh valley, Kashmir. Geol Surv India, Records 41(2):115–144
Montomoli C, Carosi R, Iaccarino S (2014) Tectonometamorphic discontinuities in the Greater Himalayan Sequence: a local or a regional feature? In: Mukherjee S, Carosi R, van der Beek PA, Mukherjee BK, Robinson DM (eds) Tectonics of the Himalaya. Geological Society, London, p 412. doi:10.1144/SP412.3 Special Publications
Mukherjee S (2015) A review on out-of-sequence deformation in the Himalaya. In: Mukherjee S, Carosi R, van der Beek P, Mukherjee BK, Robinson D (eds) Tectonics of the Himalaya. Geological Society, London. Special Publication 412. doi:10.1144/SP412.13
Mukherjee S, Koyi HA, Talbot CJ (2012) Implications of channel flow analogue models for extrusion of the Higher Himalayan Shear Zone with special reference to the out-of-sequence thrusting. Inter J Er Sc 101(1):253–272
Nakata T (1989) Active faults of the Himalayas of India and Nepal. Spec Pap Geol Soc Am 232:243–264
Nakata TH, Tsutsumi SH, Khan AM et al (1991) Active faults of Pakistan: map sheets and inventories. Research Center for Regional Geography, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima Special publication 21
Oldham RD (1888) Some notes on the geology of the north-west Himalaya. Rec Geol Surv India 21(4):149–159
Pascoe EH (1959) A manual of geology of India and Burma. Government of India, New Delhi 2:485–1344
Raza M, Ahmad A, Mohammad A (1978) The valley of Kashmir: a geographical interpretation, vol. 1: the land. Vikas Publishing House Pvt Ltd., New Delhi
Schiffman C, Singh Bali Bikram, Walter Szeliga, Bilham R (2013) Seismic slip deficit in the Kashmir Himalaya from GPS observations. Geophys Res Lett 40:5642–5645
Shah AA (2013) Earthquake geology of Kashmir Basin and its implications for future large earthquakes. Inter J Er Sc. doi:10.1007/s00531-013-0874-8
Shah AA (2015a) Kashmir basin fault and its tectonic significance in NW Himalaya, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Inter J Er Sc. doi:10.1007/s00531-015-1183-1
Shah AA (2015b) Assessing the influence of watershed characteristics on the flood vulnerability of Jhelum Basin in Kashmir Himalaya by Gowhar et al., 2015. Nat Hazards. doi:10.1007/s11069-015-1775-x
Singh IB (1982) Sedimentation pattern in the Karewa basin, Kashmir valley, India and its geological significance. J Palaeont Soc India 27:71–110
Srikantia SV (1980) Structural framework and tectonic evolution of Kashmir and Himachal Himalaya. Himal Geol 10:440–466
Thakur VC (1981) An overview of thrusts and nappes of western Himalaya. In: McClay KR, Price NJ (eds) Thrust and Nappe Tectonics. The Geological Society, London, pp 381–392
Thakur VC (1992) Geology of Western Himalaya. Pergamon Press, Oxford
Valdiya KS (1991) Quaternary tectonic history of northwest Himalaya. Curr Sci 61:664–668
Wadia DN (1975) Geology of India, 4th edn. Tata McGraw-Hill, New Delhi, p 344 Tenth reprint (1989)
Wesnousky SG, Kumar S, Mohindra R, Thakur VC (1999) Uplift and convergence along the Himalayan Frontal Thrust. Tectonics 18:967–976
Yeats RS, Nakata T, Farah A, Fort M, Mizra MA, Pandey MR, Stein RS (1992) The Himalayan frontal fault system. Annales Tectonicae 6:85–98
Acknowledgments
We are obliged to Associate Editor (Soumyajit Mukherjee) for critically analyzing the manuscript which greatly improved its quality. We are also thankful to our colleagues/researchers for encouraging us to through light on the facts associated with the “Balapur Fault.”
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Shabir, Akhtar and Bashir belong to Tectonics and Natural Hazards Research Group.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ahmad, S., Alam, A. & Ahmad, B. Comment on: “Earthquake geology of Kashmir Basin and its implications for future large earthquakes” by Shah (2013); “Kashmir Basin Fault and its tectonic significance in NW Himalaya, Jammu and Kashmir, India” by Shah (2015). Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 105, 681–687 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-015-1240-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-015-1240-9