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Mineralogy and mineral chemistry of detrital heavy minerals from the Rhine River in Germany as evidence to their provenance, sedimentary and depositional history: focus on platinum-group minerals and remarks on cassiterite, columbite-group minerals and uraninite

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Abstract

In the course of studying the gold-bearing heavy mineral spectrum of sediments from the upper Rhine River, a distinct suite of detrital grains comprising platinum-group minerals (PGM), cassiterite, columbite-group minerals and uraninite was identified and investigated using conventional and modern analytical methods. This study aimed to characterize the selected mineral groups mineralogically and geochemically in order to identify possible source areas and to reconstruct different aspects of the complex sedimentary history of the Rhine River sediments. The PGM assemblage is dominated by grains of Ru–Os–Ir alloys (~70 %), followed by Pt–Fe alloys, sperrylite and rare other PGM. Accordingly, this PGM assemblage represents highly mature, physically and chemically extremely resistant compounds which may have experienced and survived repeated reworking during their sedimentary history. Pt–Fe alloys and sperrylite may originate from various sources; however, the predominant Ru–Os–Ir alloy grains point to an origin from ophiolite sequences of unknown age (but likely pre-Alpine; Variscan or older). The exact locations of the primary sources and the complex, prolonged sedimentary history of the detrital PGM with possibly multiple intermittent storages remain unknown. Detrital cassiterite grains were dated by the U–Pb method using LA-ICP-MS. The age dates of cassiterite largely overlap with zircon age distributions by peaking distinctly at ca. 325 Ma (majority of ages), thereby implying a predominantly Variscan age of the cassiterite grains and possible derivation from mineralization in the Black Forest area. Columbite-group minerals are dominantly tapiolite originating from pegmatites. Rare uraninite grains attest that this mineral experienced rapid erosion, transport and deposition in a reducing environment.

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Acknowledgments

Many thanks go to Hans-Joachim Sturm (BGR) for drafting Fig. 1. Continuous and professional work at the EPMA and the SEM was ably performed by Jerzy Lodziak, Christian Wöhrl and Detlev Klosa (BGR) and is gratefully acknowledged. We are indebted for the thoughtful and critical contributions of two reviewers, anonymous and H. Bahlburg, which significantly improved both the flow of the text and the clarity of presentation.

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  1. Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe (BGR), Stilleweg 2, 30655, Hannover, Germany

    Thomas Oberthür, Frank Melcher & Simon Goldmann

  2. Institute of Geology and Economic Geology, University of Leoben, Peter-Tunner-Straße 5, 8700, Leoben, Austria

    Frank Melcher

  3. RWTH Aachen, Lehr- und Forschungsgebiet Aufbereitung mineralischer Rohstoffe (AMR), Lochnerstr. 4-20, Haus C, 52064, Aachen, Germany

    Hermann Wotruba

  4. Institut für Geowissenschaften, Facheinheit Mineralogie - Petrologie und Geochemie, Universität Frankfurt, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany

    Axel Gerdes

  5. Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Plymouth, Room 102, Fitzroy, Drake Circus, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, UK

    Arjan Dijkstra

  6. Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK

    Christopher W. Dale

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LA-ICPMS spot analyses of individual zircon and cassiterite grains in polished section of concentrate from Rheinzabern (XLS 459 kb)

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Oberthür, T., Melcher, F., Goldmann, S. et al. Mineralogy and mineral chemistry of detrital heavy minerals from the Rhine River in Germany as evidence to their provenance, sedimentary and depositional history: focus on platinum-group minerals and remarks on cassiterite, columbite-group minerals and uraninite. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 105, 637–657 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-015-1181-3

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