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Hydrothermal alteration and zeolitization of the Fohberg phonolite, Kaiserstuhl Volcanic Complex, Germany

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Abstract

The subvolcanic Fohberg phonolite (Kaiserstuhl Volcanic Complex, Germany) is an economic zeolite deposit, formed by hydrothermal alteration of primary magmatic minerals. It is mined due to the high (>40 wt%) zeolite content, which accounts for the remarkable zeolitic physicochemical properties of the ground rock. New mineralogical and geochemical studies are carried out (a) to evaluate the manifestation of hydrothermal alteration, and (b) to constrain the physical and chemical properties of the fluids, which promoted hydrothermal replacement. The alkaline intrusion is characterized by the primary mineralogy: feldspathoid minerals, K-feldspar, aegirine–augite, wollastonite, and andradite. The rare-earth elements-phase götzenite is formed during the late-stage magmatic crystallization. Fluid-induced re-equilibration of feldspathoid minerals and wollastonite caused breakdown to a set of secondary phases. Feldspathoid minerals are totally replaced by various zeolite species, calcite, and barite. Wollastonite breakdown results in the formation of various zeolites, calcite, pectolite, sepiolite, and quartz. Zeolites are formed during subsolidus hydrothermal alteration (<150 °C) under alkaline conditions. A sequence of Ca–Na-dominated zeolite species (gonnardite, thomsonite, mesolite) is followed by natrolite. The sequence reflects an increase in \(\log [(a_{{{\text{Na}}^{ + } }} )/(a_{{{\text{H}}^{ + } }} )]\) and decrease in \(\log [(a_{{{\text{Ca}}^{2 + } }} )/(a_{{{\text{H}}^{ + } }}^{2} )]\) of the precipitating fluid. Low radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr values indicate a local origin of the elements necessary for secondary mineral formation from primary igneous phases. In addition, fractures cut the intrusive body, which contain zeolites, followed by calcite and a variety of other silicates, carbonates, and sulfates as younger generations. Stable isotope analysis of late-fracture calcite indicates very late circulation of meteoric fluids and mobilization of organic matter from surrounding sedimentary units.

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Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Hans G. Hauri Mineralstoffwerke for providing access to the Fohberg quarry and support of this study. We thank Sari Forss for thin section preparation, Leena Palmu for her advice and help with the electron microprobe, and Shenhong Yang for help with Sr-isotopic analyses. We thank Lieven Machiels for his detailed and constructive comments and Wolf-Christian Dullo for his efforts and the editorial handling of the paper. Special thanks to the Holopainen Foundation for the financial support.

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  1. Department of Geosciences, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, 90014, Oulu, Finland

    Tobias Björn Weisenberger

  2. Hans G. Hauri Mineralstoffwerke, Bötzingen, Germany

    Simon Spürgin

  3. Geological Survey of Finland, Espoo, Finland

    Yann Lahaye

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Weisenberger, T.B., Spürgin, S. & Lahaye, Y. Hydrothermal alteration and zeolitization of the Fohberg phonolite, Kaiserstuhl Volcanic Complex, Germany. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 103, 2273–2300 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-014-1046-1

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