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Multiple accretion at the eastern margin of the Rio de la Plata craton: the prolonged Brasiliano orogeny in southernmost Brazil

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Abstract

The Neoproterozoic-Eoplalaeozoic Brasiliano orogeny at the eastern margin of the Rio de la Plata craton in southernmost Brazil and Uruguay comprises a complex tectonic history over 300 million years. The southern Brazilian Shield consists of a number of tectono-stratigraphic units and terranes. The São Gabriel block in the west is characterized by c.760–690 Ma supracrustal rocks and calc-alkaline orthogneisses including relics of older, c. 880 Ma old igneous rocks. Both igneous and metasedimentary rocks have positive εNd(t) values and Neoproterozoic TDM model ages; they formed in magmatic arc settings with only minor input of older crustal sources. A trondhjemite from the São Gabriel block intruding dioritc and tonalitic gneisses during the late stages of deformation (D3) yield an U–Pb zircon age (LA-ICP-MS) of 701 ± 10 Ma giving the approximate minimum age of the São Gabriel accretionary event. The Encantadas block further east, containing the supracrustal Porongos belt and the Pelotas batholith, is in contrast characterized by reworking of Neoarchean to Palaeoproterozoic crust. The 789 ± 7 Ma zircon age of a metarhyolite intercalated with the metasedimentary succession of the Porongos belt provides a time marker for the basin formation. Zircons of a sample from tonalitic gneisses, constituting the Palaeoproterozoic basement of the Porongos belt, form a cluster at 2,234 ± 28 Ma, interpreted as the tonalite crystallization age. Zircon rims show ages of 2,100–2,000 Ma interpreted as related to a Palaeoproterozoic metamorphic event. The Porongos basin formed on thinned continental crust in an extensional or transtensional regime between c. 800–700 Ma. The absence of input from Neoproterozoic juvenile sources into the Porongos basin strongly indicates that the Encantadas and São Gabriel blocks were separated terranes that became juxtaposed next to each other during the Brasiliano accretional events. The tectonic evolution comprises two episodes of magmatic arc accretion to the eastern margin of the Rio de la Plata craton, (i) accretion of an intra-oceanic arc at c. 880 Ma (Passinho event) and (ii) accretion of the 760–700 Ma Cambaí/Vila Nova magmatic arc (São Gabriel event). The latter event also includes the collision of the Encantadas block with the Rio de la Plata craton to the west. Collision and crustal thickening was followed by sinistral shear along SW–NE-trending orogen-parallel crustal-scale shear zones that can be traced from southern Brazil to Uruguay and have been active between 660 and 590 Ma. Voluminous granitic magmatism in the Pelotas batholith spatially related to shear zones is interpreted as late- to post-orogenic magmatism, possibly assisted by lithospheric delamination. It marks the transition to the post-orogenic molasse stage. Localized deformation by reactivation of preexisting shear zones continued until c. 530 Ma and can be assigned to final stages of the amalgamation of West Gondwana.

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Acknowledgments

K. Saalmann gratefully acknowledges the Herrmann-Willkomm-Stiftung, Frankfurt am Main, for travel grants to Brazil and financial support for the geochronology. Field support by the CNPq and CPGq-Geoscience Institutes, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, and finacial support from the Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst and Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES, Brazilian Government) are greatly appreciated. We also express our thanks to Fátima Bitencourt for supplying geological maps of the area. We greatly appreciate constructive reviews of R. S. Schmitt and P. Oyhantçabal which helped to improve the manuscript. The authors would like to thank S. Siegesmund for the opportunity to contribute to this volume as well as for editorial handling.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Geological Survey of Finland, P.O. Box 96, 02151, Espoo, Finland

    K. Saalmann & Y. Lahaye

  2. Institut für Geowissenschaften, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt, Germany

    A. Gerdes

  3. Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15001 CEP, Porto Alegre, RS, 91501-970, Brazil

    L. A. Hartmann & M. V. D. Remus

  4. Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Geozentrum Hannover, Stilleweg 2, 30655, Hannover, Germany

    A. Läufer

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  1. K. Saalmann
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  2. A. Gerdes
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  3. Y. Lahaye
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  4. L. A. Hartmann
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  5. M. V. D. Remus
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Correspondence to K. Saalmann.

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531_2010_564_MOESM1_ESM.tif

Zircon LA-ICPMS U–Pb isotopic data of samples BR-30-5 (juvenile trondhjemite, São Gabriel block), BR-145-1 (felsic metavolcanic rock, Porongos group), and BR-140-1 (tonalitic gneiss, Emcamtadas Complex) (TIFF 509 kb)

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Saalmann, K., Gerdes, A., Lahaye, Y. et al. Multiple accretion at the eastern margin of the Rio de la Plata craton: the prolonged Brasiliano orogeny in southernmost Brazil. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 100, 355–378 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-010-0564-8

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