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An early Palaeozoic supra-subduction lithosphere in the Variscides: new evidence from the Maures massif

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Abstract

Petrographic and geochemical studies of peridotites and melagabbros from the Maures massif (SE France) provide new constraints on the Early Palaeozoic evolution of the continental lithosphere in Western Europe. Peridotites occur as lenses along a unit rooted in the main Variscan suture zone. They are dominantly spinel peridotites and minor garnet–spinel peridotites. Spinel peridotites represent both residual mantle and ultramafic cumulates. Mantle-related dunites and harzburgites display high temperature textures, with olivine (Mg#0.90), orthopyroxene (Mg#0.90) and spinel (TiO2 < 0.2%; Cr#0.64–0.83) compositions typical of fore-arc upper mantle. Ultramafic cumulates are dunite adcumulates, harzburgite heteradcumulates and mesocumulates, melagabbro heteradcumulates and amphibole peridotites, with olivine (Mg#0.85–0.89), orthopyroxene (Mg#0.86–0.89) and Cr-spinel (TiO2 = 0.5–3.3%; Cr#0.7–0.98) compositions typical of ultramafic cumulates. Cr-spinel compositions of both spinel peridotite types suggest their genesis in a supra-subduction zone lithosphere. Core to rim zoning in spinel is related to the incomplete influence of regional metamorphism and serpentinisation. The covariation of major and minor elements with Al2O3 for cumulates is consistent with igneous processes involving crystal accumulation. Both mantle and cumulate dunites and harzburgites have U-shaped REE patterns and extremely low trace element contents, similar to peridotites from modern fore-arc peridotites (South Atlantic) and from ophiolites related to supra-subduction zones (Semail, Cyclops, Pindos, Troodos). Melagabbros also have U-shaped REE patterns similar to xenoliths from the Philippine island arc, but also similar to intrusive ultramafic cumulates from the Semail nappe of Oman related to a proto-subduction setting. A wehrlite has a REE pattern similar to that of amphibole peridotites reflecting metasomatism of clinopyroxene-bearing peridotites due to subduction-related fluids. The Maures spinel peridotites and melagabbros are therefore interpreted as the lowermost parts of a crustal sequence and minor residual mantle of lithosphere generated in a supra-subduction zone during Early Palaeozoic time. Garnet–spinel peridotites are chemically close to melagabbros, but have recorded high pressure metamorphism before their retrogression similar to spinel peridotites into amphibolites to greenschists facies metamorphism. They indicate burial to mantle depths of the margin of the supra-subduction lithosphere during the Early Palaeozoic continental subduction. Both peridotite types were exhumed during the Upper Palaeozoic continental collision. Comparable observations from other Variscan-related peridotites, in particular of the Speik complex of the Autroalpine basement, and a common age for the subduction stage allow extension of these regional conclusions to a broad area sharing the Cambrian suture zone, extending from the Ossa-Morena to the Bohemian massif.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the BRGM (Bureau des Recherches Géologiques et Minières, France) for its financial support, particularly Philippe Rossi for his interest in this work, Delphine Bellot for her essential moral support during the fieldwork, and the staff of the Laboratoire de Pétrologie Magmatique (Université Aix-Marseille 3, France) where the main part of this work was undertaken. The final stage of this work was made at CEREGE (Aix-en-Provence, France). We also thank the Ministère de la Défense and Jean Rebec who kindly “opened” the military Levant Island for us, François Buscail and André Leyreloup for open discussions on the geodynamic setting of the Maures peridotites, Pierre Agrinier, Marie-Odile Trensz, and Claude Triboulet for their help at various stages of this work. Early drafts of the manuscript were improved by Jean-Jacques Cochemé, Jörg Hermann, Marc Leblanc, David Vanko, Ricardo Vanucci, and Olivier Vidal. The detailed and constructive reviews of Angelika Kalt, Jean-Louis Bodinier, and Jürgen Von Raumer help to improve significantly the initial manuscript.

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    Jean-Philippe Bellot

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    Christine Laverne & Georges Bronner

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Bellot, JP., Laverne, C. & Bronner, G. An early Palaeozoic supra-subduction lithosphere in the Variscides: new evidence from the Maures massif. Int J Earth Sci (Geol Rundsch) 99, 473–504 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00531-009-0416-6

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