Abstract
Interactive video technology has demanded the development of standards, techniques and tools to create, deliver and present interactive content and associated metadata. The literature reports on models representing interactive-TV (I-TV) programs – one of the main applications of the interactive video technology; the limitation of such models include: strict hierarchical relationships among media objects, low levels of granularity for metadata, programs and media objects descriptions cannot be separated, objects are not described beyond the frame level, lack of integration with context-aware computing. In this paper, we detail features of our MediaObject model for documents describing I-TV programs that aim to minimize those limitations. We discuss the model by means of an application that is part of our I-TV prototype and by an annotation tool that shows that the model can be applied to other domains.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 N4668: Overview of the MPEG-4 Standard (2002): http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/standards/mpeg-4/mpeg-4.htm
Pereira, F., Ebrahimi, T. (eds.): The MPEG-4 Book. Prentice Hall (2002)
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 N5525: MPEG-7 Overview (2003): http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/standards/mpeg-7/mpeg-7.htm.
Nack, F., Lindsay, A.T.: Everything you wanted to know about MPEG-7: Part 1. IEEE MultiMedia 6(3), 65–77 (1999)
Merialdo, B., Lee, K.T., Luparello, D.: Automatic construction of personalized TV news programs. In: Proceedings of the ACM Multimedia, pp. 323–331 (1999)
Smyth, B., Wilson, D., O' Sullivan, D.: Improving the quality of the personalized electronic programme guide. In: Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop of Personalization in Future TV at the 2nd International Conference on Adaptive Hypermedia and Adaptive Web Based Systems, pp. 48–51 (2002)
Srivastava, H.O.: Interactive TV Technology and Markets. Artech House (2002)
Yu, B., Nahrstedt, K.: Internet-based interactive HDTV. Multimedia Syst. 9, 477–489 (2004)
Abowd, G.D., Mynatt, E.D., Rodden, T.: The Human Experience. Pervasive Computing, pp. 48–57 (2002)
Dey, A.K.: Understanding and using context. Pers. Ubiq. Comp. J. 5(1), 4–7 (2001)
Cosmas, E., Parker, Y., Schoonjas, P., Vaduva, A., Dosch, C., Schäfer, R., Erk, A., Mies, R., Bais, M., Schäfer, R., Stammnitz, P., Selinger, T., Klunsoyr, G., Pedersen, L., Bauer, S., Engelsberg, A., Klock, B., Evensen, G.: Custom TV with MPEG-4 and MPEG-7. In: Proceeding of the Colloquium on Interactive Television. IEE, Savoy-Place, London, UK (1999)
Santos Jr., J.B. dos, Goularte, R., Moreira, E.S., Faria, G.B.: The modeling of structured context-aware interactive environments. Trans. SDPS J. Integr. Des. Process Sci. 5(4), 77–93 (2001)
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Synchronized Multimedia Integration Language (SMIL 2.0). http://www.w3.org/TR/smil20/
Macromedia, Inc.: Flash MX. http://www.macromedia.com/software/flash/ (2003)
Apple Computers, Inc: QuickTime File Format. http://developer.apple.com/techpubs/quicktime/qtdevdocs/
Boll, S., Klas, W., Wandel, J.: A cross-media adaptation strategy for multimedia presentations. In: Proc. ACM Multimedia, pp. 37–46 (1999)
Chorianopoulos, K., Lekakos, G., Spinellis, D.: Intelligent user interfaces in the living room: Usability design for personalized television applications. In: Proc. ACM UIST, pp. 230–232 (2003)
Hu, M.J., Ye, J.: MD2L: Content description of multimedia documents for efficient process and search/retrieval. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Forum on Research and Technology Advances in Digital Libraries, pp. 200–213 (1999)
Tsinaraki, C., Papadomanolakis, S., Christodoulakis, S.: Towards a two-layered video metadata model. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications, pp. 937–941 (2001)
Goularte, R., Moreira, E.D.S., Pimentel, M.G.C.: Structuring Interactive TV Documents. In: Proceedings of the ACM DocEng 2003, pp. 42–51 (2003)
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): XML Linking Language (XLink) Version 1.0: http://www.w3.org/TR/xlink/
Benitez, A.B., Paek, S., Chang, S., Puri, A., Huang, Q., Smith, J.R., Li, C., Bergman, L.D., Judice, C.N.: Object-based multimedia content description schemes and applications for MPEG-7. Signal Process.: Image Communi. 16(1,2), 235–269 (2000)
Dublin Core Metadata Initiative. http://dublincore.org
Lagoze, C., Hunter, J.: The ABC ontology and model (v3.0). J. Dig. Info. 2(2) (2001) http://jodi.tamu.edu/Articles/v02/i02/Lagoze/
Salembier, P., Smith, J.R.: MPEG-7 multimedia description schemes. IEEE Trans. on Circuits Syst. Video Technol. 11(6), 748–759 (2001)
Hjelsvold, R., Vdaygiri, S., Léauté, Y.: Web-based personalization and management of interactive video. In: Proceedings of the 10th International World Wide Web Conferece, pp. 129–139 (2001)
TV-Anytime Forum: Specification Series: S3: Metadata (Normative) (2001): ftp://tva:tva@ftp.bbc.co.uk/pub/Specifications/SP003v11.zip
Goularte, R., Cattelan, R.G., Camacho-Guerrero, J.A., Inácio, V.R. Jr., Pimentel, M.G.C.: Interactive multimedia annotations: Enriching and extending content. ACM DocEng 2004, pp. 84–86 (2004)
Goularte, R., Camacho-Guerrero, J.A., Inácio, V.R. Jr., Cattelan, R.G., Pimentel, M.G.C.: M4Note: a multimodal tool for multimedia annotation. In: Proceedings of the Latin-American Web Congress, pp. 142–149 (2004)
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): XML Schema Part 0: Primer: http://www.w3.org/TR/xmlschema-0/
Tsinaraki, C., Fatourou, E., Christodoulakis, S.: An otology-driven framework for the management of semantic metadata describing audiovisual information. Lecture Notes on Computer Sciences 2681, pp. 340–356 (2003)
Zhu, X., Wu, X., Fan, J., Elmargamid, A.K., Aref, W.G.: Exploring video content structure for hierarchical summarization. Multi. Syst. 10, 98–115 (2004)
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): XML Pointer Language (XPointer) Version 1.0: http://www.w3.org/TR/xptr/
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C): Document Object Model (DOM) Level 3 Core Specification. http://www.w3.org/TR/2002/WD-DOM-Level-3-Core-20020409/
Apache Software Foundation. Xerces Java Parser Readme. http://xml.apache.org/xerces-j/index.html
Fujitsu XLink Processor. http://www.labs.fujitsu.com/free/xlip/en/index.html
Harrison, B.L., Fishkin, K.P., Gujar, A., Mochon, C., Want R.: Squeeze me, hold me, tilt me! An exploration of manipulative user interfaces. In: Proceedings ACM CHI 1998, pp. 17–24 (1998)
Truong, K.N., Abowd, G.D., Brotherton, J.A.: Who, what, when, where, how: design issues of capture & access applications. Lecture Notes on Computer Science 2201, Proc. Ubicomp, pp. 209–224 (2001)
ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11 N5231: MPEG-21 Overview (2001): http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/standards/mpeg-21/mpeg-21.htm.
Ebrahimi, T., Horne, C.: MPEG-4 natural video coding – an overview. Signal Process. Image Commun. 15(4,5), 365–385 (2000)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Goularte, R., Pimentel, M.d.G.C. & Moreira, E.d.S. Context-aware support in structured documents for interactive-TV. Multimedia Systems 11, 367–382 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00530-006-0014-4
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00530-006-0014-4