Abstract
In this paper, we use heat flow method to prove the existence of pseudo-harmonic maps from closed pseudo-Hermitian manifolds to Riemannian manifolds with nonpositive sectional curvature, which is a generalization of Eells–Sampson’s existence theorem. Furthermore, when the target manifold has negative sectional curvature, we analyze horizontal energy of geometric homotopy of two pseudo-harmonic maps and obtain that if the image of a pseudo-harmonic map is neither a point nor a closed geodesic, then it is the unique pseudo-harmonic map in the given homotopic class. This is a generalization of Hartman’s theorem.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Barletta, E., Dragomir, S., Urakawa, H.: Pseudoharmonic maps from nondegenerate CR manifolds to Riemannian manifolds. Indiana Univ. Math. J. 50, 719–746 (2001)
Bony, J.M.: Principe du maximum, inégalite de Harnack et unicité du problème de Cauchy pour les opérateurs elliptiques dégénérés. Ann. Inst. Fourier 19(1), 277–304 (1969)
Chang, S.C., Chang, T.H.: On the existence of pseudoharmonic maps from pseudohermitian manifolds into Riemannian manifolds with nonpositive sectional curvature. Asian J. Math. 17(1), 1–16 (2013)
Dragomir, S., Tomassini, G.: Differential Geometry and Analysis on CR Manifolds. Springer, Berlin (2006)
Eells, J., Lemaire, L.: Selected Topics in Harmonic Maps. American Mathematical Society, Providence (1983)
Eells, J., Sampson, J.H.: Harmonic mappings of Riemannian manifolds. Am. J. Math. 86(1), 109–160 (1964)
Folland, G.B., Stein, E.M.: Estimates for the \(\bar{\partial _b }\) complex and analysis on the Heisenberg group. Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 27(4), 429–522 (1974)
Greenleaf, A.: The first eigenvalue of a sublaplacian on a pseudohermitian manifold. Commun. Partial Differ. Equ. 10(2), 191–217 (1985)
Hartman, P.: On homotopic harmonic maps. Can. J. Math. 19(4), 673–687 (1967)
Hörmander, L.: Hypoelliptic second order differential equations. Acta Math. 119(1), 147–171 (1967)
Jerison, D., Sánchez-Calle, A.: Subelliptic, second order differential operators. In: Complex Analysis III, pp. 46–77. Springer (1987)
Jost, J., Xu, C.: Subelliptic harmonic maps. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 350(11), 4633–4649 (1998)
Jost, J., Yang, Y.: Heat flow for horizontal harmonic maps into a class of Carnot–Carathéodory spaces. Math. Res. Lett. 12(4), 513–529 (2005)
Lee, J.M.: Pseudo-Einstein structures on CR manifolds. Am. J. Math. 110(1), 157–178 (1988)
Moser, J.: A Harnack inequality for parabolic differential equations. Commun. Pure Appl. Math. 17(1), 101–134 (1964)
Nagel, A., Stein, E.M., Wainger, S.: Balls and metrics defined by vector fields I: basic properties. Acta Math. 155(1), 103–147 (1985)
Ren, Y.B., Yang, G.L., Chong, T.: Liouville theorem for pseudoharmonic maps from Sasakian manifolds. J. Geom. Phys. 81, 47–61 (2014)
Rothschild, L.P., Stein, E.M.: Hypoelliptic differential operators and nilpotent groups. Acta Math. 137(1), 247–320 (1976)
Sánchez-Calle, A.: Fundamental solutions and geometry of the sum of squares of vector fields. Invent. Math. 78(1), 143–160 (1984)
Schoen, R., Yau, S.T.: Compact group actions and the topology of manifolds with non-positive curvature. Topology 18(4), 361–380 (1979)
Strichartz, R.S.: Sub-Riemannian geometry. J. Differ. Geom. 24(2), 221–263 (1986)
Webster, S.M.: Pseudo-Hermitian structures on a real hypersurface. J. Differ. Geom. 13(1), 25–41 (1978)
Zhou, Z.R.: Heat flows of subelliptic harmonic maps into Riemannian manifolds with nonpositive curvatures. J. Geom. Anal. 23, 471–489 (2013)
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to express their thanks to Professor Yuxin Dong for constant encouragements and valuable discussions.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by A. Chang.
Supported by NSFC Tianyuan fund for Mathematics Grant No. 11626217.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Ren, Y., Yang, G. Pseudo-harmonic maps from closed pseudo-Hermitian manifolds to Riemannian manifolds with nonpositive sectional curvature. Calc. Var. 57, 128 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00526-018-1411-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00526-018-1411-1