Introduction

The emergence of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the USA has significantly altered healthcare practice and research implementation. The number of telehealth visits increased by approximately 154% when comparing telehealth visit frequency during the last week of March in 2019 and 2020, respectively [1]. Due to the need for social distancing to decrease the transmission of COVID-19, a portion of in-person oncology clinic visits have also been switched to telemedicine visits [2,3,4]. In addition, while oncology clinical trials have continued during the COVID-19 pandemic, patient enrollment to oncology clinical trials has slowed and investigators have had to identify alternative methods to continue research-related patient interactions [4, 5]. For example, evidence suggests that up to 20% of cancer survivors (N = 933) are less likely to participate in oncology clinical trials due to fears associated with the COVID-19 pandemic [6].

Integrative oncology care delivery has also been significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic. Approximately 70% of National Cancer Institute-Designated Cancer Centers offer integrative oncology treatments such as acupuncture, massage, and/or meditation [7]. Integrative medicine typically includes personalized “high-touch” services, such as acupuncture and massage, as well as group programs in yoga, music, and other modalities, making a transition to remotely delivered care challenging. Even before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, the use of technology (e.g., mobile health [8] or telephone [9]) to support cancer treatment–related symptom management (e.g., depression, anxiety, fatigue) [9] has been on the rise. However, with the exception of exercise-related studies [8], most previously tested mobile health or telephone-based oncology symptom management approaches have not focused on integrative oncology interventions [9]. To this point, little has been described about how integrative oncology services offered by National Cancer Institute-Designated Cancer Centers have been transformed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Within this commentary, we describe how integrative oncology care delivery in clinical practice and research at The Leonard P. Zakim Center for Integrative Therapies and Healthy Living was altered in response to the pandemic.

Clinical practice

The Leonard P. Zakim Center for Integrative Therapies and Healthy Living is an integrative oncology center at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute with a joint mission of providing evidence-based integrative oncology services and healthy living interventions to patients during and after cancer treatment and of advancing the science of integrative oncology through research. The Zakim Center is staffed by a team of physicians, therapists (e.g., yoga, exercise, music), nurses, and other healthcare professionals and offers individual appointment-based services such as acupuncture and massage and group programs in areas such as yoga, exercise, nutrition, meditation, and expressive arts. Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, most appointments and group programs were offered in person, through The Zakim Center Clinic, on Dana-Farber’s main campus.

The Zakim Center Clinic closed to all appointments and programs in mid-March 2020 to limit patient and staff exposure and to reduce total patient and staff volume on campus. Although the goal was to restore in-person acupuncture and massage appointments as quickly as deemed safe, and these services were resumed in late summer, it was clear that in-person group programming would not be feasible for an indefinite period of time. The Zakim Center thus launched live-streamed virtual classes in yoga, meditation, strength training, and nutrition in late March. Additional class offerings and a library of previously recorded programs available for viewing on-demand were added over the summer. Patient uptake of virtual programs was significant; The Zakim Center provided 16,366 patient visits, including 6383 visits to live-streamed programs and 9983 visits to on-demand programming in the first 6 months of the COVID-19 pandemic, as compared to 2189 patient visits to in-person group programming in the 6 months prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. The virtual offerings most attended by patients included exercise (yoga, strength training, Tai Chi, Qigong), followed by meditation and mindfulness, nutrition, and expressive arts therapy. The frequency of participant visits by program type for the in-person, virtual, and on-demand class offerings before and during the COVID-19 pandemic is described in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1
figure 1

Frequency of participant visits by program type at The Leonard P. Zakim Center for Integrative Therapies and Healthy Living at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. Figure 1 describes the frequency of participant visits by program type at The Zakim Center from October 2019 to March 22, 2020 (in-person class offerings only), and March 23, 2020, to September 30, 2020 (virtual and on-demand class offerings only). Note: Exercise program offerings included classes such as yoga, strength training, Tai Chi, and Qigong. Expressive arts therapy program offerings included classes such as creative arts workshops and music therapy. Meditation and mindfulness program offerings included classes such as mind body resilience and mindfulness meditation

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Research

Two integrative oncology research studies were ongoing at The Zakim Center prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. The first trial was designed to evaluate the feasibility and benefits of a mindfulness-based music therapy intervention in adolescents and young adults receiving cancer treatment. The original program included four 45-min in-person mindfulness-based music therapy sessions with a board-certified music therapist during chemotherapy infusions. The second trial was designed to evaluate the feasibility and benefits of an 8-week yoga intervention for cancer survivors with chronic painful chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy and originally included in-person (i.e., attend one 45-min group yoga class per week at The Zakim Center) and home-based yoga classes. In June 2020, both studies were amended to allow telephone-based recruitment and informed consent, data collection via email, and remote delivery of the mindfulness-based music therapy and yoga interventions. After these changes were activated, the recruitment rate for both studies increased from ~2.6 participants/month to ~2.83 (music therapy study) and ~4.83 (yoga study) participants/month.

Conclusion

Our preliminary clinical and research observations suggest that patients are interested in the virtual delivery of integrative oncology interventions, and such interventions are feasible to implement. Uptake of group programs and study enrollment for integrative oncology interventions increased when interventions were switched from in-person to virtual. The virtual interventions may have been more appealing to participants because the virtual format addressed potential barriers to participants’ uptake of integrative oncology interventions, such as travel, lack of knowledge about the availability of the services, or conflicting cancer therapy appointments [10]. Further research will be needed to determine equivalence in efficacy between virtual and in-person integrative oncology intervention formats for varying symptoms. The implementation of feasible and cost-effective methods to deliver integrative oncology symptom management interventions for oncology patients will be critical not only during the COVID-19 pandemic, but to increase the availability of these interventions to oncology patients in the future.