Abstract
Background
Cancer is the second most common condition among people over 50, behind only dementia, associated with caregiving. As treatments improve, the number of cancer caregivers will increase. However, there is limited research about African-American cancer caregivers (AACCs).
Purpose
The purpose of this mixed methods study is to describe (1) the types of social support provided by and (2) the levels of strain reported by AACCs.
Methods
Cancer patients from a regional safety net hospital nominated family caregivers who helped them after their cancer diagnosis. Consented caregivers were interviewed in the waiting room while the patient received treatment or later by phone using the Modified Caregiver Strain Index (MCSI), five structured interview questions, and demographic questions—20 min. Responses to the interview questions were processed using Miles and Huberman’s content analysis guide. Descriptive statistics for demographics and the MCSI were performed using SPSS.
Results
Of the 45 AACCs, 64 % had medical conditions. Caregivers reported patients’ pain (31 %), stress (9 %), and nausea (7 %) as the most common symptoms. AACCs most commonly provided instrumental (67 %) or emotional (42 %) support; spiritual (20 %) and informational (20 %) support were less common.
Conclusion
Emphasis is needed in providing care assistance information to the AACCs to ensure effective support for their loved ones. This study highlights areas of support where assistance can be useful among AACCs.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
National Cancer Institute (2010) Family caregivers in cancer: roles and challenges. National Cancer Institute. Available from: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/pdq/supportivecare/caregivers/healthprofessional. Accessed 20 Jan 2011
Hamilton JB, Sandelowski M (2004) Types of social support in African Americans with cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 31(4):792–800
National Alliance for Caregiving (2009) American Association of Retired Persons. Family Caregiving in the U.S.: Findings from a National Survey. National Alliance for Caregiving and AARP. Available from: http://www.caregiving.org/data/Caregiving_in_the_US_2009_full_report.pdf. Accessed 4 Nov 2010
Deshields TL, Rihanek A, Potter P et al (2012) Psychosocial aspects of caregiving: perceptions of cancer patients and family caregivers. Support Care Cancer Off J Multinatl Assoc Support Care Cancer 20(2):349–356
Teschendorf B, Schwartz C, Ferrans CE, O’Mara A, Novotny P, Sloan J (2007) Caregiver role stress: when families become providers. Cancer control J Moffitt Cancer Center 14(2):183–189
American Cancer Society (2010) Caring for a loved one with cancer—and yourself. Available from: http://www.cancer.org/Treatment/Caregivers/CopingasaCaregiver/HowtoCareforaLovedOneWithCancer/being-a-caregiver-why-needed. Accessed 20 Jan 2011
Cohen S, Underwood LG, Gottlieb BH (2000) Social relationships and health. In: Cohen S, Underwood LG, Gottlieb BH (eds) Social support measurement and intervention. Oxford, New York, pp 3–25
Heaney CA, Israel BA (1997) Social networks and social support. In: Glanz K, Lewis FM, Rimer BK (eds) Health behavior and health education—theory, research, and practice, 2nd edn. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco, pp 179–205
Golant M, Haskins NV (2008) “Other cancer survivors”: the impact on family and caregivers. Cancer J 14(6):420–424
Houldin AD (2007) A qualitative study of caregivers’ experiences with newly diagnosed advanced colorectal cancer. Oncol Nurs Forum 34(2):323–330
Mellon S, Northouse LL, Weiss LK (2006) A population-based study of the quality of life of cancer survivors and their family caregivers. Cancer Nurs 29(2):120–131
Bowman KF, Rose JH, Deimling GT (2006) Appraisal of the cancer experience by family members and survivors in long-term survivorship. Psychooncology 15(9):834–845
American Cancer Society (2011) Cancer facts and figures for African Americans 2011–2012. Available from: http://www.cancer.org/acs/groups/content/@epidemiologysurveilance/documents/document/acspc-027765.pdf. Accessed 6 Apr 2011
National Cancer Institute (2008) Cancer Health Disparities Fact Sheet. Available from: http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/disparities/cancer-health-disparities. Accessed 4 Nov 2010
Martin MY, Sanders S, Griffin JM et al (2012) Racial variation in the cancer caregiving experience: a multisite study of colorectal and lung cancer caregivers. Cancer nursing 35(4):249–256
Smith T, Stein K, Kim Y, Cooper D, Virgo K, Corral I, Landrine H (2012) Racial, ethnic and socioeconomic health disparities among cancer survivors and informal caregivers. In: Elk, Landrine (eds) Cancer disparities: causes and evidence-based solutions. Springer, New York
Walker KO, Calmes D, Hanna N, Baker R (2008) The impact of public hospital closure on medical and residency education: implications and recommendations. J Natl Med Assoc 100(12):1377–1383
Robinson BC (1983) Validation of a caregiver strain index. J Gerontol 38(3):344–348
Miles M, Huberman A (1994) Qualitative data analysis. Sage, Thousand Oaks
Dilworth-Anderson P, Goodwin PY, Williams SW (2004) Can culture help explain the physical health effects of caregiving over time among African American caregivers? J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 59(3):S138–S145
Scharlach AE, Kellam R, Ong N, Baskin A, Goldstein C, Fox PJ (2006) Cultural attitudes and caregiver service use: lessons from focus groups with racially and ethnically diverse family caregivers. J Gerontol Soc Work 47(1–2):133–156
Navaie-Waliser M, Feldman PH, Gould DA, Levine C, Kuerbis AN, Donelan K (2001) The experiences and challenges of informal caregivers: common themes and differences among Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics. Gerontologist 41(6):733–741
Glajchen M (2004) The emerging role and needs of family caregivers in cancer care. J Support Oncol 2(2):145–155
Bullock K, Crawford SL, Tennstedt SL (2003) Employment and caregiving: exploration of African American caregivers. Soc Work 48(2):150–162
Kim Y, Kashy DA, Spillers RL, Evans TV (2010) Needs assessment of family caregivers of cancer survivors: three cohorts comparison. Psychooncology 19(6):573–582
Siefert ML, Williams AL, Dowd MF, Chappel-Aiken L, McCorkle R (2008) The caregiving experience in a racially diverse sample of cancer family caregivers. Cancer Nurs 31(5):399–407
Knight BG, Sayegh P (2010) Cultural values and caregiving: the updated sociocultural stress and coping model. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci 65B(1):5–13
Rozario PA, DeRienzis D (2008) Familism beliefs and psychological distress among African American women caregivers. Gerontologist 48(6):772–780
Pinquart M, Sorensen S (2005) Ethnic differences in stressors, resources, and psychological outcomes of family caregiving: a meta-analysis. Gerontologist 45(1):90–106
Francis LE, Bowman KF, Kypriotakis G, Rose JH (2011) Relationships and emotional wellbeing among African American and White advanced cancer caregivers. Patient Educ Couns 85(3):446–453
Acknowledgments
The research reported in this manuscript has been funded through the American Cancer Society’s Intramural Research Department, and it has received Internal Review Board approval. The authors assume full responsibility and interpretation of these data. We would also like to thank the participants for contributing their time in support of this study.
Conflict of interest
None.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Cooper, D.L., Powe, B.D. & Smith, T. Social support provided by and strain experienced by African-American cancer caregivers. Support Care Cancer 21, 2719–2725 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-013-1849-9
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00520-013-1849-9