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The impact and safety of preoperative oral or intravenous carbohydrate administration versus fasting in colorectal surgery – a randomized controlled trial

Einfluss und Sicherheit einer präoperativen oralen oder intravenösen Kohlehydratzufuhr gegenüber Fasten bei Patienten mit kolorektalen Eingriffen – eine randomisierte kontrollierte Studie

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Zusammenfassung

HINTERGRUND UND ZIEL DER STUDIE: In letzter Zeit mehren sich die Hinweise, dass präoperatives Fasten, wie es seit mehreren Jahrzehnten klinische Praxis ist, von ungünstigen Folgen begleitet sein könnte. Im Gegenteil könnte eine standardisierte präoperative Nahrungsaufnahme sogar von Vorteil sein. Tatsächlich stellt eine solche Nahrungsaufnahme eine Komponente des ERAS ("enhanced recovery after surgery") Konzeptes dar. Wir erhoben daher in einer randomisierten kontrollierten Studie bei chirurgischen Patienten mit kolorektalen Erkrankungen die Wirkung einer präoperativen oralen oder intravenösen Gabe von Kohlehydraten, Elektrolyten und Wasser auf verschiedene biochemische, psychosomatische und echokardiographische und muskuläre Parameter in der perioperativen Phase im Vergleich zu präoperativ nüchternen Patienten. Außerdem untersuchten wir die Nebenwirkungsfreiheit einer peroralen Nahrungsaufnahme kurz vor der Operation. PATIENTEN UND METHODEN: Insgesamt wurden 221 elektive chirurgische Patienten mit einer kolorektalen Erkrankung in diese an zwei Zentren durchgeführte, randomisierte, prospektive und verblindete klinische Studie aufgenommen. Die Patienten wurden in 3 Gruppen eingeteilt: A: Patienten, die ab Mitternacht vor der Operation fasteten (Kontrollgruppe); B: Patienten, denen Glukose, Magnesium und Kalium intravenös verabreicht wurde; C: Patienten, die präoperativ oral ein speziell zusammengesetztes Nahrungssupplement einnahmen. ERGEBNISSE: Klinisch war der perioperative Allgemeinzustand der Patienten der Gruppen B und C signifikant besser als der der Kontrollgruppe. Der psychosomatische Zustand war am besten bei den Patienten der Gruppe C (p < 0,029). Der Anstieg des Insulin-Resistenz-Index (QUICKI) von vor der Operation zu postoperativ war in Gruppe A signifikant (p < 0,05). Die systolische und diastolische Linksventrikelfunktion besserte sich in Gruppe C signifikant im Vergleich zu Gruppe A (p < 0,04) – auch die Auswurffraktion war postoperativ signifikant höher (p < 0,03). Das gastrale Residualvolumen betrug 5 ml, der pH des Magensafts lag in allen Gruppen bei 3,5–5 ohne statistisch signifikanten Unterschied zwischen den Gruppen. Die Komplikationsrate, sowie die Dauer des stationären Aufenthaltes unterschied sich ebenfalls nicht zwischen den Gruppen. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN: Präoperatives Fasten bringt für chirurgische Patienten keinen Vorteil. Im Gegenteil könnte die Einnahme einer entsprechenden aus Wasser, Elektrolyten und Kohlehydraten zusammengesetzten Nahrung den Patienten einen gewissen Schutz gegen das Operationstrauma bieten – vor allem in Bezug auf den Stoffwechsel, aber auch auf die Funktion des Herzens und auf den psychosomatischen Zustand. Die kurz vor der Operation erfolgte perorale Einnahme erhöhte das gastrale Residualvolumen nicht und war auch sonst mit keinem Risiko verbunden.

Summary

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Increasing evidence suggests that preoperative fasting, as was the clinical practice for many decades, might be associated with untoward consequences and that a standardized preoperative intake of nutrients might be advantageous; this is a component of the enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) concept. Thus, in a randomized controlled trial we compared preoperative fasting with preoperative preparation with either oral or intravenous intake of carbohydrates, minerals and water. Biochemical, psychosomatic, echocardiographic and muscle-power parameters were assessed in surgical patients with colorectal diseases during the short-term perioperative period. We also assessed the safety of peroral intake shortly before surgery. METHODS: A total of 221 elective colorectal surgery patients in this bicentric, randomized, prospective and blinded clinical trial were divided into three groups: A – patients fasting from midnight (control group); B – patients supported preoperatively by glucose, magnesium and potassium administered intravenously; C – patients supported preoperatively by oral consumption of a specifically composed solution (potion). RESULTS: The general perioperative clinical status of patients in groups C and B was significantly better than those in group A. Psychosomatic conditions postoperatively were found to be best in group C (P < 0.029). The rise in the index of insulin resistance (QUICKI) from the preoperative to the postoperative state was significant in group A (P < 0.05). The systolic and diastolic function of the left ventricle improved postoperatively in group C vs. group A (P < 0.04), and the ejection fraction was also significantly higher postoperatively in group C vs. group A (P < 0.03). The gastric residual volume was 5 ml and the pH of stomach juice was 3.5–5 in all groups without statistically significant difference. No difference was found in the length of hospital stay or the rate of complications. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative fasting does not confer any benefit or advantage for surgical patients. In contrast, consumption of an appropriate potion composed of water, minerals and carbohydrates offers some protection against surgical trauma in terms of metabolic status, cardiac function and psychosomatic status. Peroral intake shortly before surgery did not increase gastric residual volume and was not associated with any risk.

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Correspondence to Milan Kaška.

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Kaška, M., Grosmanová, T., Havel, E. et al. The impact and safety of preoperative oral or intravenous carbohydrate administration versus fasting in colorectal surgery – a randomized controlled trial. Wien Klin Wochenschr 122, 23–30 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-009-1291-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-009-1291-7

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