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Clinical and virological characterization of imported cases of Chikungunya fever

Klinische und virologische Charakterisierung importierter Fälle von Chikungunya Fieber

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Zusammenfassung

Im Jahr 2005 trat das Chikungunya Virus (CHIKV) überraschend auf den Komoren, La Reunion, Mayotte, Mauritius, den Seychellen und Madagaskar auf und infizierte ca. 250.000 Einwohner und Touristen in nur einem Jahr. Seit Anfang März 2006 wurden verstärkt Chikungunya Fieber-ähnliche febrile Erkrankungen auch in mehreren Bundesstaaten Indiens gemeldet. Wir untersuchten deutsche Reisende auf CHIKV, die mit Arthralgien und/oder Fieber aus Afrika oder Asien heimgekehrt waren. 11 von 70 untersuchten Patienten wiesen spezifische Antikörper gegen CHIKV auf. Eine real-time-RT-PCR war positiv bei zwei Patienten aus Mauritius bzw. Rajasthan in Nordindien. In beiden Fällen konnte CHIKV isoliert und die Nukleinsäuresequenz des gesamten Genoms bestimmt werden. Erwartungsgemäß zeigten die Nukleinsäuresequenzen eine hohe Übereinstimmung mit anderen Isolaten der derzeitigen Epidemie. Insgesamt fanden wir nur 18 Nukleotidaustausche zwischen den Isolaten aus Mauritius und Rajasthan, die zu insgesamt sechs Aminosäureaustauschen führten (nsP1 T128K, T376M, nsP3 S472N, Kapsid P23S, V27I und E1-Protein A226V). Obwohl das unglaubliche Ausmaß der CHIKV-Epidemie auf den Inseln des Indischen Ozeans 2005/2006 zumindest teilweise mit der vollen Empfänglichkeit der betroffenen Bevölkerung erklärt wurde, deuten unsere Ergebnisse des Isolates aus Rajasthan eher auf eine bessere "Fitness" des Virus hin. Ob sich dies in einer höheren Virämie beim Menschen oder einer besseren Adaptation an bestimmte Vektorpopulationen und damit einer effektiveren Übertragung äußert, müssen zukünftige Untersuchungen zeigen. Eine diesbezüglich als relevant beschriebene Mutation im E1-Protein (A226V) war nur bei dem Isolate aus Mauritius zu finden. Das seuchenhafte Auftreten des afrikanischen CHIKV in Asien belegt eindrucksvoll, wie schnell ein neuer Virustyp sich global verbreiten und etablieren kann, wenn kompetente Stechmückenvektoren vorhanden sind.

Summary

A Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) epidemic emerged in the Indian Ocean islands of the Comores, Reunion, Mayotte, Mauritius, the Seychelles and Madagascar in 2005 resulting in the infection of about 250.000 inhabitants and travellers in only one year. Beginning in March 2006 increasing numbers of CHIKV-like febrile illnesses were reported from various parts of India. We investigated 70 consecutive German travellers returning from the affected areas and presenting with arthralgia and/or fever suggestive of CHIKV infection. Eleven patients had serological evidence of CHIKV infection. Real-time RT-PCR for CHIKV was positive in two cases, one who returned from Mauritius and the other who came back from Rajasthan, Northern India. In both cases CHIKV was isolated and sequencing of the entire viral genome was performed. The nucleotide sequence data obtained for both CHIKV strains revealed a high level of identity to CHIKV isolates from the ongoing epidemic. In detail, we found only 18 nucleotide exchanges between the isolates from Mauritius and Rajasthan, resulting in only six amino acid changes (nsP1 T128K, T376M, nsP3 S472N, capsid P23S, V27I and E1-protein A226V). Although the excessive dimension of the 2005/2006 outbreak in the Indian Ocean islands was at least in part accounted to the naïve population affected, our results of the Rajasthan isolate support that the emergence of this CHIKV subtype may rather be a result of a better viral fitness. This has been previously accounted to a A226V change in the E1 protein of the new CHIKV variant when compared to other CHIKV data available. This mutation, supposedly resulting in high-titred viremia in humans and/or an enhanced adaptation to the vector population resulting in increased transmission rates, was also found in our CHIKV isolate from Mauritius. The spread of an African CHIKV to Asia further demonstrates how fast viruses can emerge and establish in places where competent vectors are prevalent.

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Correspondence to Martin Pfeffer.

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Pfeffer, M., Zöller, G., Essbauer, S. et al. Clinical and virological characterization of imported cases of Chikungunya fever. Wien Klin Wochenschr 120 (Suppl 4), 95–100 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-008-1035-0

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