Zusammenfassung
HINTERGRUND: Der Glaube an Einflüsse der Mondphasen auf abnormales Verhalten (z.B. "Mondsucht") ist alt, weitverbreitet, medienpropagiert, auffallend häufig in den Gesundheitsprofessionen und könnte daher Public-Health-Effekte haben. Diese Studie untersuchte Mondphasen-Effekte auf ein spezifisches Outcome (Suizid), für das die Literaturlage aufgrund einiger neuerer Studien mit positiven Befunden uneindeutig ist. METHODEN: Der Zeitpunkt aller 62.206 in Österreich 1970 bis 2006 offiziell registrierten Suizide (46.451 Männer, 18.755 Frauen) wurde hinsichtlich der Mondphase ausgewertet. Dies ist die erste derartige, auf nationalen Daten basierende, außerhalb der USA durchgeführte Studie. Die Daten repräsentieren die zweitlängste Untersuchungsperiode und zweitgrößte Stichprobe in diesem Forschungsbereich, die bislang untersucht wurde. ERGEBNISSE: Die beobachteten Anteile der Suizidprävalenz von Männern und Frauen wichen nicht von den Erwartungswerten für die 4 Mondphasen (Neumond, zunehmender Mond, Vollmond, abnehmender Mond) und auch nicht von den Erwartungswerten für um Neumond bzw. Vollmond zentrierte 3-Tages-Fenster (relativ zum Zwischenintervall) ab. Zu Demonstrationszwecken zusätzlich durchgeführte Subgruppenanalysen (nach Geschlecht und Jahr) erbrachten Resultate, die in auffälliger Weise jenen aus früheren Studien mit positiven Befunden ähnelten, nämlich sporadisch auftretende signifikante Ergebnisse, die in der Gesamtauswertung nicht zu Tage traten und richtungsbezogen erratisch waren und daher aller Wahrscheinlichkeit nach falsch-positive Befunde darstellten. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNG: Die Ergebnisse aus dieser großen Stichprobe sprechen stark gegen etwaige Einflüsse der Mondphasen auf die Suizidprävalenz. Die wenigen positiven Literaturbefunde zu dieser Fragestellung waren höchstwahrscheinlich falsch-positive Befunde, d.h., kamen durch statistische Fehler der 1. Art oder durch fälschliche Zuschreibung von (tatsächlich existierenden) Kalendereffekten in der Suizidprävalenz als Mondphaseneffekte zustande.
Summary
OBJECTIVES: Belief in lunar effects on abnormal or deviant human behavior ("moon madness") is old, common, perpetuated by the media and notably widespread among health professionals, and may thus have public health consequences. This study investigated lunar effects on one particular outcome (completed suicide) for which the literature appears unsettled, owing to some recent reports with positive findings. METHODS: The timing of all 65,206 suicides (46,451 men; 18,755 women) officially registered in Austria between 1970 and 2006 was analyzed with respect to the phases of the moon. This was the first such study based on national data conducted outside the USA, with the database comprising the second-longest study period and the second-largest sample ever investigated in this subject area. RESULTS: Observed proportions of both male and female suicide occurrence did not deviate from expected proportions during the new, crescent, full, and decrescent moon quarters or from those expected for 3-day windows centered around new and full moon, relative to the interphase. Subgroup analysis (by sex and year), additionally conducted for demonstration purposes, yielded results conspicuously resembling those of related studies with positive findings; namely, sporadically emerging significant findings that were entirely absent in the overall analysis and directionally erratic, thus suggesting they were spurious (false positive). CONCLUSIONS: This large-sample evidence strongly suggests no lunar effects on the timing of completed suicide. Scattered previous evidence in support of such effects in all likelihood was spurious; that is, was due to statistical type 1 errors or erroneously taking calendrical periodicities of suicide occurrence that are real as evidence for lunar effects.
References
Campbell DE, Beets JL (1978) Lunacy and the moon. Psychol Bull 85: 1123–1129
Muñoz-Delgado J, Santillán-Doherty AM, Mondragón-Ceballos R, Erkert HG (2000) Moon cycle effects on humans: myth or reality? Salud Mental 23: 33–39
Cooke DJ, Coles EM (1978) The concept of lunacy: a review. Psychol Rep 42: 891–897
Rotton J, Kelly IW, Frey J (1983) Geophysical variables and behavior: X. Detecting lunar periodicities: something old, new, borrowed, and true. Psychol Rep 52: 111–116
Rotton J, Kelly IW (1985) Much ado about the full moon: a meta-analysis of lunar-lunacy research. Psychol Bull 97: 286–306
Culver R, Rotton J, Kelly IW (1988) Geophysical variables and behavior: XLIX. Moon mechanisms and myths: a critical appraisal of explanations of purported lunar effects on human behavior. Psychol Rep 62: 683–710
Martin SJ, Kelly IW, Saklofske DH (1992) Suicide and lunar cycles: a critical review over 28 years. Psychol Rep 71: 785–795
Templer DI, Veleber DM (1980) The moon and madness: a comprehensive perspective. J Clin Psychol 36: 865–868
Rotton J, Kelly IW (1985) A scale for assessing belief in lunar effects: reliability and concurrent validity. Psychol Rep 57: 239–245
Rotton J, Kelly IW, Elortegui P (1986) Assessing belief in lunar effects: known-groups validation. Psychol Rep 59: 171–174
Vance DE (1995) Belief in lunar effects on human behavior. Psychol Rep 76: 32–34
Lester D (1972) Why people kill themselves: a summary of research findings on suicidal behavior (1st edn). Thomas, Springfield
Lester D (1983) Why people kill themselves: a 1980's summary of research findings on suicidal behavior, 2nd edn. Thomas, Springfield
Lester D (1992) Why people kill themselves: a 1990s summary of research findings on suicidal behavior, 3rd edn. Thomas, Springfield
Lester D (2000) Why people kill themselves: a 2000 summary of research on suicide, 4th edn. Thomas, Springfield
Hawton K, van Heeringen K (2000) The international handbook of suicide and attempted suicide. Wiley, Chichester
Maris RW, Berman AL, Silverman MM (2000) Comprehensive textbook of suicidology. Guilford, New York
Pokorny AD (1964) Moon phases, suicide, and homicide. Am J Psychiatry 121: 66–67
Lester D, Brockopp GW, Priebe K (1969) Association between a full moon and completed suicide. Psychol Rep 25: 598
Jones PK, Jones SL (1977) Lunar association with suicide. Suic Life Threat Behav 7: 31–39
Lester D (1979) Temporal variation in suicide and homicide. Am J Epidemiol 109: 517–520
Lieber AL (1978) Human aggression and the lunar synodic cycle. J Clin Psychiatry 39: 385–392
Garth JM, Lester D (1978) The moon and suicide. Psychol Rep 43: 678
MacMahon K (1983) Short-term temporal cycles in the frequency of suicide, United States, 1972–1978. Am J Epidemiol 117: 744–750
García Prieto A, Bobes García J, Bousuño García M, Suárez Noriega LA, González Menéndez JM (1991) Epidemiologic aspects of suicide in Asturias in relation to the climate, the seasons and other factors. Actas Luso Esp Neurol Psiquiatr Cienc Afines 19: 185–190
Maldonado G, Kraus JF (1991) Variation in suicide occurrence by time of day, day of the week, month, and lunar phase. Suic Life Threat Behav 21: 174–187
Rodes Lloret F, Monera Olmos CE, Marti Lloret JB (1995) Phases of the moon and suicide. Anales de Psiquiatria 11: 108–111
Yvonneau M (1996) Views from Dordogne, and the moon, on suicide. Encephale 22 [Suppl 4]: 52–57
Gutiérrez-García JM, Tusell F (1997) Suicide and the lunar cycle. Psychol Rep 80: 243–250
Rocchi MB, Perlini C (2002) Is the time of suicide a random choice? A new statistical perspective. Crisis 23: 161–166
Partonen T, Haukka J, Viilo K, Hakko H, Pirkola S, Isometsä E, et al (2004) Cyclic time patterns of death from suicide in northern Finland. J Affect Disord 78: 11–19
Biermann T, Estel D, Sperling W, Bleich S, Kornhuber J, Reulbach U (2005) Influence of lunar phases on suicide: the end of a myth? Chronobiol Int 22: 1137–1143
Taylor LJ, Diespecker DD (1972) Moon phases and suicide attempts in Australia. Psychol Rep 31: 110
Ossenkopp K, Ossenkopp M (1973) Self-inflicted injuries and the lunar cycle. J Interdiscipl Cycle Res 4: 337–348
McGrellis M, James D (1983) Lunar periodicity in attempted suicide [abstract]. Bull Br Psychol Soc 36: A86
Oderda GM, Klein-Schwartz W (1983) Lunar cycle and poison center calls. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 20: 487–495
Jacobsen D, Frederichsen PS, Knutsen KM, Sorum Y, Talseth T, Odegaard OR (1986) Self-poisoning and moon phases in Oslo. Hum Toxicol 5: 51–52
Mathew VM, Lindesay J, Shanmuganathan N, Eapen V (1991) Attempted suicide and the lunar cycle. Psychol Rep 68: 927–930
Rogers TD, Masterton G, McGuire R (1991) Parasuicide and the lunar cycle. Psychol Med 21: 393–397
Peto R, Collins R, Gray R (1995) Large-scale randomized evidence: large, simple trials and overviews of trials. J Clin Epidemiol 48: 23–40
Ritter K, Stompe T, Voracek M, Etzersdorfer E (2002) Suicide risk-related knowledge and attitudes of general practitioners. Wien Klin Wochenschr 114: 685–690
Etzersdorfer E, Voracek M, Kapusta N, Sonneck G (2005) Epidemiology of suicide in Austria 1990–2000: general decrease, but increased suicide risk for old men. Wien Klin Wochenschr 117: 31–35
Dervic K, Friedrich E, Prosquill D, Kapusta ND, Lenz G, Sonneck G, Friedrich MH (2006) Suicide among Viennese minors, 1946–2002. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118: 152–159
Etzersdorfer E, Kapusta ND, Sonneck G (2006) Suicide by shooting is correlated to rate of gun licenses in Austrian counties. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118: 464–468
Friedrich MH (2006) Suicide in children and adolescents. Wien Klin Wochenschr 118: 131–133
Dervic K, Akkaya-Kalayci T, Kapusta ND, Kaya M, Merl E, Vogel E, et al (2007) Suicidal ideation among Viennese high school students. Wien Klin Wochenschr 119: 174–180
Grassberger M, Krauskopf A (2007) Suicidal asphyxiation with helium: report of three cases. Wien Klin Wochenschr 119: 323–325
Voracek M, Loibl LM (2007) Genetics of suicide: a systematic review of twin studies. Wien Klin Wochenschr 119: 463–475
Voracek M, Sonneck G (2007) Surname study of suicide in Austria: differences in regional suicide rates correspond to the genetic structure of the population. Wien Klin Wochenschr 119: 355–360
Sakr L, Bibus B, Dutz W, Feigl W, Hackl H, Hanak H, et al (1989) The high autopsy rate in Vienna. Wien Klin Wochenschr 101: 511–514
Voracek M, Formann AK, Fülöp G, Sonneck G (2003) Suicide and general elections in Austria: do preceding regional suicide rate differentials foreshadow subsequent voting behavior swings? J Affect Disord 74: 257–266
Waldhoer T, Berzlanovich A, Vutuc C, Haidinger G (2003) Rates of postmortem examination in Austria: the effect of distance between location of death and site of examination. J Clin Epidemiol 56: 891–895
Garzino S (1982) Lunar effects on behavior: a defense of the empirical research. Environ Behav 14: 395–417
Greenwald AG, Gonzalez R, Harris RJ, Guthrie D (1996) Effect sizes and p values: what should be reported and what should be replicated? Psychophysiology 33: 175–183
Cutler WB, Schleidt WM, Friedmann E, Preti G, Stine R (1987) Lunar influences on the reproductive cycle in women. Hum Biol 59: 959–972
Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y (1995) Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J R Stat Soc B 57: 289–300
Cahoon DD (1977) 'Moon phase' in behavioral research. Psychol Rep 41: 803–810
Raison CL, Klein HM, Steckler M (1999) The moon and madness reconsidered. J Affect Disord 53: 99–106
Phillips DP, Christenfeld N, Ryan NM (1999) An increase in the number of deaths in the United States in the first week of the month: an association with substance abuse and other causes of death. N Engl J Med 341: 93–98
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Voracek, M., Loibl, L., Kapusta, N. et al. Not carried away by a moonlight shadow: no evidence for associations between suicide occurrence and lunar phase among more than 65,000 suicide cases in Austria, 1970–2006. Wien Klin Wochenschr 120, 343–349 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-008-0985-6
Received:
Accepted:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-008-0985-6