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Gender-specific effect of metabolic syndrome on rate adjusted QT interval in middle-aged participants of an atherosclerosis prevention program

Geschlechtsspezifischer Einfluss des metabolischen Syndroms auf das frequenzkorrigierte QT Intervall bei Teilnehmern mittlerem Alters an einem Atherosklerose-Präventionsprogramm (SAPHIR)

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Zusammenfassung

EINFÜHRUNG: Das metabolische Syndrom ist in der Prävention der Atherosklerose als definierte Risikokonstellation von besonderem Interesse. Als Hauptkomponenten des metabolischen Syndroms gelten die viszerale Adipositas, die Hyperglykämie im nicht-diabetischen Bereich, sowie die arterielle Hypertonie. Eine Konsequenz des metabolischen Syndroms ist die subklinische Atherosklerose, welche das QT Intervall beeinflussen kann. Das Ziel der Studie war es, das frequenzkorrigierte QT Intervall von Individuen mit metabolischem Syndrom gegen das von Personen ohne gehäufte kardiometabolische Risikofaktoren zu vergleichen und den geschlechtsspezifischen Einfluss des metabolischen Syndroms auf die kardiale Repolarisation zu untersuchen. PATIENTEN UND METHODEN: Bei 1086 Teilnehmern (767 Männer und 319 Frauen) der SAPHIR-Studie (Salzburg-Atherosclerosis-Prevention-program-in-subjects-at-High-Individual-Risk) wurden die Herzfrequenz und das QT Intervall automatisch vom Oberflächen EKG gemessen. Aufgrund der bekannten Limitationen der traditionellen Bazett Formel verwendeten wir zur Frequenzkorrektur des QT Intervalls (QTa) eine Formel nach Rautaharju, die lineares statt proportionales Skalieren ermöglicht. ERGEBNISSE: Die Prävalenz des metabolischen Syndroms war 13,8% bei Männern und 10% bei Frauen. Das mittlere frequenzkorrigierte QT Intervall war bei Frauen länger als bei Männern. Das Vorliegen des metabolischen Syndroms war nur bei Männern mit einem signifikant verlängerten QTa Intervall assoziiert, nicht aber bei Frauen. Nach Korrektur hinsichtlich weiterer Einflussfaktoren wie Alter, Body-Mass-Index, LDL-Cholesterol, HOMA-Index und Rauchen reduzierte sich zwar die Differenz des mittleren QTa Intervalls bei Männern von 9.24 ms auf 5.83 ms (95% CI 0.9–10.8), blieb aber weiterhin statistisch signifikant (p = 0.021). Der Effekt des metabolischen Syndroms auf QTa war nur zum Teil durch Hypertonie und Insulinresistenz erklärbar. Beim weiblichen Geschlecht zeigte sich im Gegensatz zu den Männern kein relevanter Unterschied für das QTa Intervall zwischen Individuen mit oder ohne metabolischem Syndrom. SCHLUSSFOLGERUNGEN: Die Ergebnisse der Studie belegen eine signifikante Assoziation zwischen dem metabolischen Syndrom und dem frequenzadjustierten QT Intervall bei Männern mittleren Alters nach Korrektur für begleitende Risikofaktoren. Die automatische Messung des QT Intervalls ist eine einfache und leicht verfügbare Methode, die zusätzliche diagnostische und prognostische Informationen für die Risikostratifizierung auf Populationsniveau geben kann. Darüber hinaus scheint zwischen den Geschlechtern ein unterschiedlicher Effekt von metabolischen und hormonalen Faktoren auf die ventrikuläre Repolarisation vorzuliegen.

Summary

INTRODUCTION: The metabolic syndrome is a matter of immense public concern for atherosclerosis prevention. Key features are visceral obesity, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia in the non-diabetic range, and arterial hypertension. Subclinical atherosclerosis is the clinical consequence of metabolic syndrome, which may influence the QT interval. The aim was to investigate the rate corrected QT interval in subjects with metabolic syndrome in comparison to those without cardiometabolic risk factor clusters, and to explore gender differences in cardiac repolarization between the two groups. PATIENTS, MATERIALS AND METHODS: Heart rate and QT interval were automatically measured from surface ECG in 1086 participants (767 men, 319 women) from the Salzburg-Atherosclerosis-Prevention-program-in-subjects-at-High-Individual-Risk (SAPHIR). To omit the QT adjustment bias inherent in Bazett's formula we used a QT adjustment method with linear scaling as described by Rautaharju. RESULTS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 13.8% among males and 10% among females. Mean rate adjusted QT (QTa) intervals were longer in women than in men. Presence of metabolic syndrome, however, was associated with significantly prolonged QTa only in men but not in women. Adjustment for relevant confounders reduced the difference of mean QTa in men from 9.24 to 5.83 ms (95% CI 0.9–10.8), but this difference was still statistically significant (p = 0.021). The effect of metabolic syndrome on QTa was only partly mediated by hypertension and insulin resistance. In females, however, no relevant differences were detected for QTa interval between subjects categorized by presence or absence of metabolic syndrome. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate a significant association between metabolic syndrome and rate-invariant QT in middle-aged men after adjustment for other risk factors. QT measurement may provide additive diagnostic and prognostic information in populations undergoing cardiovascular risk screening. However, the effect of metabolic and hormonal factors on ventricular repolarization seems to differ between the sexes.

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Correspondence to Bernhard Strohmer.

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Strohmer, B., Schernthaner, C., Iglseder, B. et al. Gender-specific effect of metabolic syndrome on rate adjusted QT interval in middle-aged participants of an atherosclerosis prevention program. Wien Klin Wochenschr 119, 544–552 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00508-007-0840-1

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