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Formation Quality, Mechanical Properties, and Processing Behavior of Pure Zinc Parts Produced by Laser-Based Manufacturing for Biodegradable Implants

Prozessverhalten und mechanische Eigenschaften von additiv gefertigten Bauteilen für biologisch abbaubare Implantate aus reinem Zink

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Abstract

Recent studies have shown that Zinc (Zn) exhibits promising applications for biodegradable medical implants due to the good combination of biocompatibility, biodegradation rate, and mechanical properties. Only a few recent reports can be found on additive manufacturing of Zn parts. Either the obtained density is too low or the process window is quite narrow due to excessive evaporation. This paper aims to clarify the effect of process parameters on densification during the Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) processing of pure Zn powder and to obtain high relative density in a reasonable process window. Porosity results either from a lack of fusion due to insufficient laser energy or from gas entrapment due to excessive evaporation. The side faces of cubes are attached by numerous partially melted powder particles, which deteriorates the surface quality. The arithmetical mean height (Sa) on side surfaces can be reduced after sand blasting from 10.12 μm to 4.83 μm for as-melted status. Lattice structures are obtained stably with a strut diameter of about 500 μm. Cylinders were manufactured and machined later into the shape of tensile test specimens. The average values of elastic modulus, yield strength, ultimate strength, and elongation were measured as 35.91 GPa, 101.67 MPa, 113.33 MPa, and 10.8% respectively for LPBF manufactured pure Zn parts with relative density over 99.90%.

Zusammenfassung

Die Inhalte jüngster Studien belegen, dass Zink (Zn) eine gute Kombination aus Biokompatibilität, biologischer Abbaurate und mechanischen Eigenschaften aufweist. Zn ist daher ein vielversprechendes Material für biologisch abbaubare, medizinische Implantate. In nur wenigen aktuellen Veröffentlichungen wird die additive Fertigung von Zn Bauteilen untersucht. Oftmals wird in diesen über eine vergleichsweise kleine relative Dichte oder ein sehr enges Prozessfenster berichtet, was auf die vergleichsweise starke Verdampfung und unruhiges Prozessverhalten während der Verarbeitung von Zn mittels additiver Fertigungsverfahren zurückzuführen ist. Im Rahmen dieser Veröffentlichung soll der Einfluss der Verfahrensparameter des Laser Powder Bed Fusion (LPBF) Prozesses auf die relative Dichte von reinem Zn näher untersucht werden. Ziel ist die Entwicklung eines geeigneten Prozessfensters, das die Verarbeitung von reinem Zn mit einer relativen Dichte > 99.5 % ermöglicht. Die Porosität resultiert entweder aus Anbindungsfehlern, welche durch zu kleine Laserenergie verursacht werden, oder durch Gaseinschlüsse in Folge der vergleichsweise großen Verdampfung. Die Oberflächenrauheit wird durch an der Oberfläche angesinterte Pulverpartikel verkleinert. Durch Sandstrahlen kann die Oberflächenrauheit (Sa) von ursprünglich 10.12 μm auf 4.83 μm verkleinert werden. Die Fertigung von Gitterstrukturen mit einem Strebendurchmesser von 500 µm ist reproduzierbar möglich. Zur Bestimmung der mechanischen Eigenschaften werden zylinderförmige Probekörper mit Hilfe spanender Fertigungsverfahren auf Zugprobengeometrie gearbeitet. Für LPBF gefertigte Zn-Probekörper mit einer relativen Dichte > 99.90 % werden in Zugversuchen für Elastizitätsmodul, Streckgrenze, Bruchfestigkeit und -dehnung durchschnittlich Werte in Höhe von 35.91 GPa, 101.67 MPa, 113.33 MPa bzw. 10.8 % ermittelt.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Digital Additive Production (DAP), RWTH Aachen University, Steinbachstraße 15, 52074, Aachen, Germany

    Maximilian Voshage, Max Schaukellis & Johannes Henrich Schleifenbaum

  2. The State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China

    Peng Wen

  3. Fraunhofer Institute for Laser Technology (ILT), Steinbachstraße 15, 52074, Aachen, Germany

    Johannes Henrich Schleifenbaum

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  1. Maximilian Voshage
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  2. Peng Wen
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  4. Johannes Henrich Schleifenbaum
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Correspondence to Maximilian Voshage.

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Voshage, M., Wen, P., Schaukellis, M. et al. Formation Quality, Mechanical Properties, and Processing Behavior of Pure Zinc Parts Produced by Laser-Based Manufacturing for Biodegradable Implants. Berg Huettenmaenn Monatsh 164, 133–140 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00501-019-0829-x

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