Abstract
Trustworthiness and energy efficiency are two important aspects of data gathering in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). The first criterion can be fulfilled by adopting trustworthy nodes for data communication along with choosing watchdogs for monitoring. Additionally, the use of the clustering scheme reduces energy exhaustion substantially. Accordingly, effective data gathering requires trust-aware and energy-efficient clustering, data gathering tree construction, and watchdog selection. The previous data gathering algorithms did not include all of the clustering, tree construction, and watchdog selection phases. Furthermore, some studies proposed greedy schemes to solve the mentioned phases and had low performance. In this paper, we propose the Trust-aware and Energy-efficient Data Gathering (TEDG) algorithm to gather data more effectively. The proposed scheme comprises all the above-mentioned phases, including clustering, tree construction, and watchdog selection. These phases are modeled as optimization problems, and they are solved using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The watchdog selection phase has variable-length particles because the number of watchdogs has not been unknown. Novel particle representation and initialization schemes are proposed to handle these particles. According to the performed simulations, TEDG improves consumed energy for data delivery to the sink, standard deviation of the residual energy of nodes, and network lifetime by 220%, 81%, and 129%, respectively.
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Conceptualization was contributed by LF; methodology was contributed by KS and LF; software was contributed by KS; supervision was contributed by LF; validation was contributed by LF; writing—original draft was contributed by LF and MAB; visualization was contributed by KS, writing—review and editing, was contributed by KS, LF, and MAB.
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Soltani, K., Farzinvash, L. & Balafar, M.A. Trust-aware and energy-efficient data gathering in wireless sensor networks using PSO. Soft Comput 27, 11731–11754 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-023-07856-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-023-07856-z