Skip to main content
Log in

A critical analysis of the multi-focus image fusion using discrete wavelet transform and computer vision

  • Data analytics and machine learning
  • Published:
Soft Computing Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This paper focused on the in-depth analysis of the multi-focus image fusion processing to enhance image fusion quality. The lack of reliable image information is a challenge to proper object localization. In this paper, I proposed an integrated approach for DWT and computer vision for multi-focus image fusion analysis for the fused image coefficient selection process. I made an in-depth analysis and improvement on the existing algorithms of the wavelet transform and the rules of multi-focus image fusion for object features’ extractions. The wavelet transform uses authentic localization segments, and computer vision improved image fusion processing time to analyze object focus in the high-frequency precision and steps. The process of image fusion using wavelet transformation is the wavelet basis function and wavelet decomposition level in iterative experiments to gain high-quality fused image information. The rules of multi-focus image fusions are the wavelet transformation of the features of the high-frequency coefficients, which enhance the fusion image features reliability on the frequency domain and regional contrast of the object.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig.7

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

Enquiries about data availability should be directed to the authors.

References

  • Agarwal S, Chaudhary S (2018) High PSNR based image fusion by use brovey transform. Int J Eng Dev Res 6(1):415–461

    Google Scholar 

  • Aggarwal J (1993) Multisensor fusion for computer vision. Springer-Verlag, New York

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Amini N et al (2014) MRI-PET image fusion based on NSCT transform using local energy and local variance fusion rules. J Med Eng Technol 38(4):211–219

    Google Scholar 

  • Arya V et al (2019) An efficient adaptive algorithm for electron microscopic image enhancement and feature extraction. Int J Comput vis Image Process 8(8):1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Bhandari R, Shivakumar B (2016) Wavelet based analysis of medical image fusion using MATLAB GUI. Int J Innvative Res Sci Eng Technol 5:512–517

    Google Scholar 

  • Blasch E, Li X, Chen G, Li W (2008) Information fusion. In: 11th international conference on digital object identifier, pp 1– 6 https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIF.2008.4632263

  • Chai Y et al (2012) A multifocus image fusion based on features contrast of multiscale products in the nonsubsampled contourlet transform domain. Optik 123:569–581

    Google Scholar 

  • Dai X et al (2019) New method for denoising borehole transient electromagnetic data with discrete wavelet transform. J Appl Geophys 168:41–48

    Google Scholar 

  • David AY (1995) Image merging and data fusion using the discrete two-dimensional wavelet transform. J Opt Soc A 12(9):1834–1841

    Google Scholar 

  • De I, Chanda B (2006) A simple and efficient algorithm for multi-focus image fusion using morphological wavelets. Signal Process 86(5):924–936

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Deepika L, Mary Sindhuja NM (2014) Performance analysis of image fusion algorithms using HAAR wavelet. IJCSMC 3(1):487–494

    Google Scholar 

  • Deshmukh DP, Malviya AV (2015) A review on: image fusion using wavelet transform. Int J Eng Trends Technol 21(8):376–379

    Google Scholar 

  • Deshpande VJ, Sanghavi J (2019) Augmented reality: technology merging computer vision and image processing by experimental techniques. Int J Innov Technol Explor Eng 8(8):534–537

    Google Scholar 

  • Fadhil AF et al (2019) Fusion of enhanced and synthetic vision system images for runway and horizon detection, MDPI. Sensor. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19173802,pp.1-17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuyuan X (2019) Multi-sensor data fusion based on the belief divergence measure of evidence and the belief entropy. Inf Fusion 46:23–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Nada Habeeb et al (2015) Multi-Sensor Fusion based on DWT, Fuzzy Histogram Equalization for Video Sequence. Int Arab J Inf Technol 15(5):825–830

    Google Scholar 

  • Harpreet K, Rachna R (2015) A combined approach using DWT & PCA on image fusion. Int J Adv Res Comput Commun Eng 4(9):294–296

    Google Scholar 

  • Hu WC et al (2012) Robust image watermarking based on discrete wavelet transform-discrete cosine transform-singular value decomposition. J Electron Imaging 21(3):1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Jawale Y, Andurkar AG (2013) Implementation of image fusion technique using wavelet transform. Int J Sci Eng Technol Res (IJSETR) 2(3):695–697

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnson SR et al (2014) Study of image fusion- techniques. Method Appl IJCSMC 3(11):469–476

    Google Scholar 

  • Kangfeng Z, Xiujuan W (2018) Feature selection method with joint maximal information entropy between features and class. Pattern Recognit 77:20–29

    Google Scholar 

  • Kavitha S, Thyagharajan KK (2017) Efficient DWT-based fusion techniques using genetic algorithm for optimal parameter estimation. Soft Comput 21(12):3307–3316

    Google Scholar 

  • Khan SS et al (2021) Hybrid sharpening transformation approach for multifocus image fusion using medical and nonmedical images research article. J Healthc Eng 2021:17. https://doi.org/10.1155/2021/7000991

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ko-Chin C (2012) Multi-focus image fusion using local energy pattern. Appl Mech Mater 145:119–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Li X, He M, Roux M (2010) Multifocus image fusion based on redundant wavelet transform. IET Image Process 4(4):283–293

    Google Scholar 

  • Li C et al (2018) Multi-focus image fusion method for image acquisition of 3D objects. Appl Opt 57(16):4514–4523

    Google Scholar 

  • Li H et al (2018) Joint medical image fusion, denoising and enhancement via Discriminative low-rank sparse dictionaries learning. Pattern Recognit 79:130–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Li J et al (2019) Multifocus image fusion using wavelet-domain-based deep CNN. Comput Intell Neurosci 2019:24–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Li Y et al (2019) Multi-component volume reconstruction from slice data using a modified multi-component Cahn-Hilliard system. Pattern Recognit 93:124–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Lianfang T et al (2018) Multi focus image fusion using combined median and average filter based hybrid stationary wavelet transform and principal component analysis. Int J Adv Comput Sci Appl 9(6):34–41

    Google Scholar 

  • Lingchao Z et al (2017) Infrared and visible images fusion method based on discrete wavelet transform. J Comput 28(2):57–71

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu Y et al (2013) Multi-focus image fusion based on multiresolution transform and particle swarm optimization. Adv Mater Res 756–759(2013):3281–3285

    Google Scholar 

  • Ma J et al (2020) Adaptive appearance modeling via hierarchical entropy analysis over multi-type, features. Pattern Recognit 98:1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Mallat SG (1989) A theory for multi-resolution signal decomposition: the wavelet representation. IEEE Trans Pattern Anal Mach Intell 11(3):674–693

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Manchanda M, Gambhir D (2019) Multi-focus image fusion based on wave atom transform. Sådhanå, Indian Academy of Sciences, pp 1–16

  • Manchanda M, Sharma R (2017) Multifocus image fusion based on discrete fuzzy transform. In: The IEEE WiSPNET 2017 conference, pp 775–779

  • Manu VT, Simon P (2012) A novel statistical fusion rule for image fusion and its comparison in non-sub sampled contourlet transform domain and wavelet domain. Int J Multimed Appl (IJMA) 4(2):69–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Mariani C et al (2020) Analysis of stock market data by using Dynamic Fourier and Wavelets techniques. Phys A: Stat Mech Appl Elsevier 537(C):1–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Maruthi R, Lakshmi I (2017) Multi-focus image fusion methods – a survey. IOSR J Comput Eng IOSR-JCE 9(4):9–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Mishra D, Palkar B (2015) Image fusion techniques: a review. Int J Comput Appl 130(9):7–13

    Google Scholar 

  • Natchammai LA, Hariharan K (2019) Image enhancement with medical image fusion based ISH, international journal of innovative technology and exploring. Engineering 8(6):649–653

    Google Scholar 

  • Osipov A et al (2018) Some fuzzy tools for evaluation of computer vision algorithms. Int J Comput vis Image Process 8(1):1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Pajares G, Cruz JM (2004) A wavelet-based image fusion tutorial. Pattern Recognit 37(9):1855–1872

    Google Scholar 

  • Polkamwar T, Deshmukh A (2015) A review on multilevel image fusion using wavelet and Curvelet transform. Int J Res Appl Sci Eng Technol (IJRASET) 3(11):783–787

    Google Scholar 

  • Pretto A et al (2010) Image similarity based on Discrete Wavelet Transform for robots with low-computational resources. Robot Auton Syst 58:879–888

    Google Scholar 

  • Pugar FH, Arymurthy AM (2019) Blind color image watermarking based on 2-level discrete wavelet transform, mary modulation, and logistic map. In: IEEE, 12th international conference on information & communication technology and system, pp 235–240

  • Rane ND et al (2017) Comparative study of image fusion methods: a review. Int J Eng Appl Sci (IJEAS) 4(10):67–72

    Google Scholar 

  • Roosta I et al (2015) Multi-focus image fusion based on surface area analysis, 978-1-4799-8339-1/15/$31.00 IEEE, pp 2805–2809

  • Sanjay AR et al (2017) CT and MRI image fusion based on discrete wavelet transform and type-2 fuzzy logic. Int J Intell Eng Syst 10(3):355–362

    Google Scholar 

  • Sankaran alias Sakthidasan K, Nagarajan V (2019) Noise Removal Through the Exploration of Subjective and Apparent Denoised Patches Using Discrete Wavelet Transform. IETE J Res. https://doi.org/10.1080/03772063.2019.1569483

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh K, Julka N (2016) Image fusion methodology using hybrid pyramidal DWT-Lp approach. Int J Adv Eng Res Dev 3(1):263–268

    Google Scholar 

  • Tang L et al (2017) Multimodal medical image fusion based on discrete Tchebichef moments and pulse coupled neural network. Wiley Periodicals Inc., Hoboken, pp 57–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Toet A (1989) Image fusion by a ratio of the low-pass pyramid. Pattern Recognit Lett 9(4):245–253

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Vadhi R et al (2017) ICMAEM: IOP Conf. series: materials science and engineering, 225 012156, pp 1–14

  • Velliangiri S (2019) Improved security in multimedia video surveillance using 2D discrete wavelet transforms and encryption framework. 3D Express 10(17):1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Wan T et al (2013) Multifocus image fusion based on robust principal component analysis. Pattern Recognit Lett 34:1001–1008

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang N et al (2015) Multi-focus image fusion based on nonsubsampled contourlet transform and spiking cortical model. CTU FTS 25(6):623–639. https://doi.org/10.14311/NNW.2015.25.031

  • Wang Q et al (2019) Laplacian pyramid adversarial network for face completion. Pattern Recognit 88:493–505

    Google Scholar 

  • Wei-bin C et al (2019) Fusion algorithm of multi-focus images with weighted ratios and weighted gradient-based on wavelet transform. J Intell Syst 28(4):505–516

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Wu T et al (2019) An improved nondestructive measurement method for salmon freshness based on spectral and image information fusion. Comput Electron Agric 158:11–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Xiaohao C et al (2020) Wavelet-based segmentation on the sphere. Pattern Recognit 100:1–15

    Google Scholar 

  • Xuemei Z et al (2020) Remote sensing image segmentation using geodesic-kernel functions and multi-feature spaces. Pattern Recognit 104:1–14

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y, Huang S, Gao J, Qian Z (2014a) Multi-focus image fusion using an effective discrete wavelet transform-based algorithm. Meas Sci Rev 14(2):102

    Google Scholar 

  • Yang Y et al (2014b) Effective multi-focus image fusion based on HVS and BP neural network. Sci World J 2014:1–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Zambanini S (2019) Feature-based GroupWise registration of historical aerial images to present-day orthophoto maps. Pattern Recognit 99:66–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Z, Blum RS (1999) A categorization of multiscale-decomposition-based image fusion schemes with a performance study for a digital camera application. Proc IEEE 87(8):1315–1326

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Y et al (2018) Spatial-temporal fraction map fusion with multi-scale remotely sensed images. Remote Sens Environ 213:162–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Q et al (2020) Multi-focus image fusion based on non-negative sparse representation and patch-level consistency rectification. Pattern Recognit 104:1–14

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their detailed review, valuable comments, and constructive suggestions. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

Funding

The authors have not disclosed any funding.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Gebeyehu Belay Gebremeskel.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors have not disclosed any competing interests.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gebremeskel, G.B. A critical analysis of the multi-focus image fusion using discrete wavelet transform and computer vision. Soft Comput 26, 5209–5225 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-022-06998-w

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-022-06998-w

Keywords

Navigation