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Primary frequency regulation of a microgrid by deloaded tidal turbines

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Abstract

In recent years, mindset of people is observed much more inclined towards the usage of renewable energy systems because of the environmentally friendly nature and the monetary advantages of fuel saving. However, since non-conventional sources are unpredictable in nature, consequently high penetration of these sources causes reliability and power quality issues. It inspires researchers to redefine or develop the frequency regulation strategies. This paper introduces a fractional-order control methodology to adapt the primary frequency regulation from deloaded tidal power generators on the basis of existing power constraints. It is ameliorated by inertia and damping control, primary frequency control, and supplementary frequency control of the system. The control processes are implemented through fractional controllers. The parameters of fractional controllers are tuned by imperialist competitive algorithm. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed controller, simulated outcomes are evaluated with conventional controller. Besides this, the ICA-based controller results are also compared with other algorithms such as particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm. An improvement in performance index from 16.11 to 22.80% is reported with proposed control strategy.

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Abbreviations

\( R_{\text{blade}} \) :

Radius of the turbine blades

\( \rho \) :

Water density

\( A \) :

Swept area of rotor

\( V_{W} \) :

Tidal rated speed in m/sec

\( C_{p} \) :

Power coefficient

\( \omega_{\text{blade}} \) :

Rotational speed of blades

β:

Blade pitch angle

P del :

Power output of tidal turbine generator at deloading operating point

P max :

Rated maximum power of tidal turbine generator

w del :

Rotor speed at deloading operation point

w r :

Rated rotor speed

D :

Damping constant of system

K pp :

Pitch angle control proportional constant

K ip :

Pitch angle control integral constant

K dp :

Pitch angle control derivative constant

K ps :

Speed regulator proportional constant

P s :

Total power generation by TTG and DEG

P L :

Demanded load

\( w_{\text{ref}}^{*} \) :

Mechanical reference rotational speed

\( w_{m} \) :

Mechanical rotational speed

J :

Moment of inertia of the rotating mass

P m :

Mechanical power

P e :

Electrical power

\( \frac{{{\text{d}}p}}{{{\text{d}}\beta }} \) :

Tidal output deviation for a definite change in blade angle

\( \frac{{{\text{d}}p}}{{{\text{d}}V}} \) :

Tidal output deviation for a specific tidal speed change

\( \frac{{{\text{d}}p}}{{{\text{d}}\omega }} \) :

Tidal power deviation to the small change in turbine angular speed,

T G :

Time constant of governor

T T :

Time constant turbine

R :

Speed regulation constant (in Hz/p.u. MW)

K sys :

System frequency characteristic constant of the system

P ref :

Reference power of Tidal turbine generator

M a :

Inertia constant of tidal power plant,

D a :

Damping constant of tidal power plant

K :

Supplementary control

µ :

Fractional order of Ma

λ :

Fractional order of K

T m :

Mechanical torque

M :

Inertia constant of system

K pd :

Diesel engine generator proportional constant

K id :

Diesel engine generator integral constant

K dd :

Diesel engine generator derivative constant

K is :

Speed regulator integral constant

ICA:

Imperialist competitive algorithm

PSO:

Particle swarm optimization

GA:

Genetic algorithm

QOHSA:

Quasi-oppositional harmony search algorithm

DERs:

Distributed energy resources

MPP:

Maximum power point

FOPID:

Fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative

DEG:

Diesel engine generator

PID:

Proportional– integral–derivative

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electrical Engineering, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India

    Zaheeruddin & Kavita Singh

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  1. Zaheeruddin
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  2. Kavita Singh
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Correspondence to Kavita Singh.

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Zaheeruddin, Singh, K. Primary frequency regulation of a microgrid by deloaded tidal turbines. Soft Comput 24, 14667–14685 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00500-020-04813-y

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