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Pollen performance, cell number, and physiological state in the early-divergent angiosperm Annona cherimola Mill. (Annonaceae) are related to environmental conditions during the final stages of pollen development

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Abstract

Pollen performance is an important determinant for fertilization success, but high variability in pollen behavior both between and within species occurs in different years and under varying environmental conditions. Annona cherimola, an early-divergent angiosperm, is a species that releases a variable ratio of bicellular and tricellular hydrated pollen at anther dehiscence depending on temperature. The presence of both bi- and tricellular types of pollen is an uncommon characteristic in angiosperms and makes Annona cherimola an interesting model to study the effect of varying environmental conditions on subsequent pollen performance during the final stages of pollen development. In this work, we study the influence of changes in temperature and humidity during the final stages of pollen development on subsequent pollen performance, evaluating pollen germination, presence of carbohydrates, number of nuclei, and water content. At 25 °C, which is the average field temperature during the flowering period of this species, pollen had a viability of 60–70 %, starch hydrolyzed just prior to shedding, and pollen mitosis II was taking place, resulting in a mixture of bi- and tricellular pollen. This activity may be related to the pollen retaining 70 % water content at shedding. Temperatures above 30 °C resulted in a decrease in pollen germination, whereas lower temperatures did not have a clear influence on pollen germination, although they did have a clear effect on starch hydrolysis. On the other hand, slightly higher dehydration accelerated mitosis II, whereas strong dehydration arrested starch hydrolysis and reduced pollen germination. These results show a significant influence of environmental conditions on myriad pollen characteristics during the final stages of pollen development modifying subsequent pollen behavior and contributing to our understanding of the variability observed in pollen tube performance.

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Acknowledgments

The authors thank Afif Hedhly for help with the statistical analysis. Financial support for this work was provided by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation—European Regional Development Fund (Project Grants AGL2009-12621-CO-01 and AGL2010-15140), INIA (RF2009-00010), GIE-Aragón 43, Junta de Andalucía (FEDER AGR2742), and the European Union under the INCO-DEV program (Contract 015100). J.L. was supported by a grant from Junta de Andalucía.

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  1. J. Lora

    Present address: Faculty of Biology, BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, Albert-Ludwigs-University of Freiburg, Schänzlestrasse 1, 79104, Freiburg, Germany

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Subtropical Pomology, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea “la Mayora”, (IHSM la Mayora-CSIC-UMA), 29750, Algarrobo-Costa, Málaga, Spain

    J. Lora & J. I. Hormaza

  2. Department of Pomology, Estación Experimental de Aula Dei, CSIC, Apdo. 13034, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain

    M. Herrero

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  1. J. Lora
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Communicated by Hugh Dickinson.

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Lora, J., Herrero, M. & Hormaza, J.I. Pollen performance, cell number, and physiological state in the early-divergent angiosperm Annona cherimola Mill. (Annonaceae) are related to environmental conditions during the final stages of pollen development. Sex Plant Reprod 25, 157–167 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-012-0187-2

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