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Spatial and temporal pattern of deficient Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR): impact on Kharif (summer monsoon) food grain production in India

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Abstract

Despite a significant increasing trend in historical food grain production (FGP) in India, deficient Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR) often causes a reduction in FGP. The present study was carried out to understand temporal and spatial variations in deficient rainfall (drought) and their impact on national and regional FGP of India. Long-term (1901–2020) percentage departure in rainfall and drought areas over the country showed nonsignificant and significant trends, respectively. Subdivisional rainfall showed significant decreasing and increasing trends in 4 and 5 subdivisions, respectively. Drought years of high frequency (once in 3–4 years) and 4 to 5 consecutive drought years (once in 120 years) occurred in northwest and western subdivisions of India. Departure in de-trended production of All India Kharif food grains from its normal (DDP) showed significant quadratic relationship with departure in ISMR from its normal (DRF). Besides the quadratic equation, another multiple regression model taking de-trended crop area, DRF, and drought area as predictor variables was developed for predicting DDP. Both these models, with high R2 (0.8–0.88) between observed and predicted data and low RMSE (2.6–2.7%), can be employed for advanced estimation of DDP of the country and for taking country-level policy decisions by the Indian Government. For the first time, models were formulated to estimate state-wise departure in FGP (DP). In these models, novel indices viz., (i) rainfall departure and irrigation index (RDII) and (ii) physical and socio-economic index (PSEI), were used as predictor variables. These models, with R2 (0.71–0.75) and RMSE of 11.8–14.2(< SD of observed data), hold promise for advance estimation of production loss in states, useful for regional-level planning by the Government of India, and testing them in other countries.

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Data Availability

Area, production and productivity data of crops was collected from the official website of Directorate of Economics and statistics, Department of Agriculture and Farmers welfare, Government of India which is accessible freely from the public website https://eands.dacnet.in.

Time series rainfall at subdivisional and national level is available from the website of Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (http://www.tropmet.res.in/Data.html).

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Acknowledgements

Authors acknowledge with gratitude the officials of the Indian Council of Agriculture Research for their encouragement and support in undertaking the research work. We thank Dr. V. M. Sandeep for his help in preparing color figures in GIS.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture, Santoshnagar, Saidabad (P.O.), Hyderabad, 500059, Telangana, India

    P. Vijaya Kumar & O. Bhavani

  2. Natural Resources Management Division, Indian Council of Agriculture Research, New Delhi, 110012, India

    S. Bhaskar

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  1. P. Vijaya Kumar
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  2. O. Bhavani
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Correspondence to P. Vijaya Kumar.

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Kumar, P.V., Bhavani, O. & Bhaskar, S. Spatial and temporal pattern of deficient Indian summer monsoon rainfall (ISMR): impact on Kharif (summer monsoon) food grain production in India. Int J Biometeorol 67, 485–501 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-023-02428-0

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