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Environmental factors contributing to variations in CO2 flux over a barley–rice double-cropping paddy field in the Korean Peninsula

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Abstract

Understanding the CO2 flux over agricultural crop fields is critical because the temporal cycle is driven by both ecological environment and anthropogenic change. We analyzed the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 measured over a barley–rice double-cropping field using the eddy covariance method for 5 years. We conducted gap-filling based on u*-threshold criteria and partitioned the net ecosystem exchange into gross primary production and respiration. The relative importance analysis of solar radiation, temperature, soil heat flux, soil water content, and vapor deficit revealed that solar radiation and temperature were the dominant contributors to net ecosystem exchange. The annual variation in the net ecosystem exchange followed a bimodal pattern driven by CO2 uptake by both barley and rice, displaying two negative peaks in late April and mid-August. The elongation stages of the crops exhibited the highest flux. Gross primary production and respiration were closely related to solar radiation and nighttime temperature, respectively. The relative importance of the other environmental variables was affected by the cultivation season and irrigation water. In the period of rice cultivation, respiration was approximately 3 µmol m−2 s−1 higher during rice drainage than during the flooded period. The accumulated net ecosystem production was estimated to be 315 gC m−2 and 349 gC m−2 for the barley and rice growing periods, respectively, and 649 gC m−2 for the annual total. These values are comparable with the results of other studies on barley–rice double-cropping fields.

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The raw measurement datasets are fully available from the Korean Meteorological Administration upon calling + 82–64-780–6608.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the National Institute of Meteorological Sciences researchers for providing us with access to observation data of the Boseong Standard Weather Observatory and pictures in Supplementary Fig. 1. The following tools were used for figures: Google Earth and QGIS for Fig. 1; the R-package of “openair” and “ggplot2” for Supplementary Fig. 3 and Fig. 7, respectively; the flux footprint prediction tool of Kljun et al. (2015) for Supplementary Fig. 4.

Funding

This study was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research (NRF), funded by the Ministry of Education (No. 2020R1I1A1A01055060 and 2020R1A6A1A03044834).

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  1. Institute of Environmental Studies, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea

    Changhyoun Park

  2. Department of Biogeochemical Integration, Max Plank Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany

    Tarek S. El-Madany

  3. Department of Earth Science Education, Pusan National University, Busan, South Korea

    Soon-Hwan Lee

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Park, C., El-Madany, T.S. & Lee, SH. Environmental factors contributing to variations in CO2 flux over a barley–rice double-cropping paddy field in the Korean Peninsula. Int J Biometeorol 66, 2069–2082 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-022-02341-y

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