Abstract
The aim of study was to characterize patterns of interception and distribution of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in an apple orchard and to examine its relationship with morphophysiological characteristics of “Royal Gala” and “Fuji Suprema” apple trees. The experiments were conducted during three production cycles in two distinct orchard areas, one covered by black anti-hail netting and another uncovered (control). We analyzed PAR characteristics with data from meteorological sensors installed on the canopy, as well as growth, anatomical, and physiological variables of apple trees. The reduction of PAR by netting influenced the components of radiation balance. PAR intercepted, absorbed, transmitted, and reflected by the canopy under netting decreased by 33%, 31%, 32%, and 46%, respectively, in comparison to uncovered canopy. When leaf area index (LAI) was 1.5 (under netting) and 2.5 (uncovered), maximum PAR interception efficiency was reached. During the three production cycles, a light extinction coefficient of 1.09 and 0.76 was found under netting and in the control, respectively. Plant height was greater under netting in all three cycles for both cultivars. Number of leaves, LAI, and shape index did not differ between treatments. At stage 85, leaves of “Royal Gala” under netting showed lower chlorophyll content and thinner parenchymas in comparison to the control. However, physiological and anatomical characteristics of Fuji “Suprema” did not change under anti-hail netting.
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Acknowledgments
The authors would like to thank our colleagues Dr. Rinaldo Pires do Santos, Dr. Jorge Mariath, Dr. Armando Divan Junior, and Msc. Juliana Troleis from the Institute of Biosciences at UFRGS for the technical assistance and Schio Agropecuária for granting access to the commercial orchard used in this study. We are very thankfull to the rewiewers who through their comments and suggestions help improving this manuscript. Finally we express our gratitude to Loana Silveira Cardoso, Viviane Aires de Paula and Bruno Casamali for their collaboration in the field analyses.
Funding
This study was funded by the Brazilian Research and Technology Council (Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico-CNPq).
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Bosco, L.C., Bergamaschi, H. & Marodin, G.A.B. Solar radiation effects on growth, anatomy, and physiology of apple trees in a temperate climate of Brazil. Int J Biometeorol 64, 1969–1980 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-020-01987-w
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-020-01987-w