Abstract
This study explores changes in means and extreme events of human-sensible temperature (HST), which is quantified by selective combination of Universal Apparent Temperature, Heat Index, and a new Wind Chill Index, in Korea for the last 100 years (1919–2018) and illustrates the synoptic patterns of the East Asian monsoon system (EAMS) for extreme HST events. The time series analyses show that HST has increased much faster than near-surface air temperature (AT) in winter due to decrease in wind chill as well as to increase in AT. On the other hand, HST in summer, which is higher than AT on average because of high humidity in monsoon climate, has increased at a slow rate compared with those in other seasons. However, more extremely hot, long-lasting HST events have been observed in recent decades, as in 1994, 2013, 2016, and 2018, with shorter recurrent intervals. Greater increases of HST than AT are more distinct in the southern region under maritime subtropical climate than in the temperate climate zone in the north in all seasons. Composite maps for multiple high or low HST extreme events reveal that a dipole pressure anomaly pattern, rather than the intensity at the center of these air masses, is more closely related to the frequency of extreme HST events in Korea: A west high-east low pattern in winter formed by the expansion of the Siberian High accompanying an intense migratory low pressure system, and a south high-north low pattern formed by the westward intrusion of the Northwest Pacific subtropical high in summer after earlier terminations of summer rainy period (Changma). These indicate that monitoring of changing EAMS’s characteristics is crucial to the mitigation of potential damages caused by unprecedented HST extreme events in the warmer twenty-first century.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Cassou C, Terray L, Phillips AS (2005) Tropical Atlantic influence on European heat waves. J Clim 18:2805–2811
Choi G (2018a) Synoptic climate patterns of extreme human-sensible temperature events in Jeju Island, Korea. J Clim Res 13(2):87–104 (In Korean with English abstract)
Choi G (2018b) Spatio-temporal patterns and long-term trends of apparent temperature in Jeju Island, Korea. J Assoc Korean Geograph 7(1):29–41 (In Korean with English abstract)
Choi G, Choi J, Kwon H (2005) The impact of high apparent temperature on the increase of summertime disease-related mortality in Seoul: 1991–2000. J Prev Med Public Health 38:283–290 (in Korean with English abstract)
Choi G, Kwon WT, Boo KO, Cha YM (2008) Recent spatial and temporal changes in means and extreme events of temperature and precipitation across the Republic of Korea. J Korean Geogr Soc 43(5):681–700
Coumou D, Robinson A (2013) Historic and future increase in the global land area affected by monthly heat extremes. Environ Res Lett 8:034018
Delworth TL, Mahlman JD, Knutson TR (1999) Changes in heat index associated with CO2-induced global warming. Clim Chang 43:369–386
Frauenfeld OW, Davis RE (2003) Northern Hemisphere circumpolar vortex trends and climate change implications. J Geophys Res-Atmos 108(D14):1–13
Gaffen DJ, Ross RJ (1998) Increased summertime heat stress in the U.S. Nature 396:529–530
Ha J, Kim H (2013) Changes in the association between summer temperature and mortality in Seoul, South Korea. Int J Biometeorol 57:535–544
Huang W, Kan H, Kovats S (2010) The impacts of the 2003 heat wave on mortality in Shanghai, China. Sci Total Environ 408(11):2418–2420
Kalnay E, Kanamitsu M, Kistler R, Collins W, Deaven D, Gandin L, Iredell M, Saha S, White G, Woollen J, Zhu Y, Chelliah M, Ebisuzaki W, Higgins W, Janowiak J, Mo KC, Ropelewski C, Wang J, Leetmaa A, Reynolds R, Jenne R, Joseph D (1996) The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 77:437–471
Kim MK, Oh JS, Park CK, Min SK, Boo KO, Kim JH (2019) Possible impact of the diabatic heating over the Indian subcontinent on heat waves in South Korea. Int J Climatol 39(3):1166–1180
Kodra E, Steinhaeuser K, Ganguly AR (2011) Persisting cold extremes under 21st-century warming scenarios. Geophys Res Lett 38:L08705. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011gl047103
Kyselý J, Huth R, Kim J (2010) Evaluating heat related mortality in Korea by objective classification of air masses. Int J Climatol 30:1484–1501
Kyselý J, Kim J (2009) Mortality during heat waves in South Korea, 1991 to 2005: how exceptional was the 1994 heat wave? Clim Res 38(2):105–116
Lee WS, Lee MI (2016) Interannual variability of heat waves in South Korea and their connection with large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns. Int J Climatol 36:4815–4830
Li J, Chen YD, Gan TY, Lau NC (2018) Elevated increases in human-perceived temperature under climate warming. Nat Clim Chang 8:43–48
Lu J, Vecchi GA, Reichler T (2007) Expansion of the Hadley cell under global warming. Geophys Res Lett 34(6):2007. https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL028443
Ma W, Yang C, Chu C, Li T, Tan J, Kan H (2013) The impact of the 2008 cold spell on mortality in Shanghai, China. Int J Biometeorol 57:179–184
Meehl GA, Tebaldi C (2004) More intense, more frequent, and longer lasting heat waves in the 21st century. Science 305(5686):994–997
Mori M, Watanabe M, Shiogama H, Inoue J, Kimoto M (2014) Robust Arctic Sea-ice influence on the frequent Eurasian cold winters in past decades. Nat Geosci 7(12):869–873
Nakai S, Itoh T, Morimoto T (1999) Deaths from heat-stroke in Japan: 1968–1994. Int J Biometeorol 43(3):124–127
Orlowsky B, Seneviratne SI (2012) Global changes in extreme events: regional and seasonal dimension. Clim Chang 110:669–696
Ostro BD, Roth LA, Green RS, Basu R (2009) Estimating the mortality effect of the July 2006 California heat wave. Environ Res 109(5):614–619
Osczevski R, Bluestein M (2005) The new wind chill equivalent temperature chart. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 86:1453–1458
Perkins SE, Alexander LV (2013) On the measurement of heat waves. J Clim 266(13):4500–4517
Panagiotopoulos F, Shahgedanova M, Hannachi A, Stephenson DB (2005) Observed trends and teleconnections of the Siberian High: a recently declining center of action. J Clim 18:1411–1422
Rothfusz LP (1990) The heat index equation (or more than you ever wanted to know about heat index). National Weather Service Technical Attachment (SR90-23), Fort Worth
Scaife AA, Folland CK, Alexander LV, Moberg A, Knight JR (2008) European climate extremes and the North Atlantic Oscillation. J Clim 21(1):72–83
Seidel DJ, Randel WJ (2007) Recent widening of the tropical belt: evidence from tropopause observations. J Geophys Res 112(D20):2007. https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JD008861
Steadman RG (1979) The assessment of sultriness part I: a temperature-humidity index based on human physiology and clothing science. J Appl Meteorol 18:861–873
Steadman RG (1984) A universal scale of apparent temperature. J Appl Meteorol 23(12):1674–1687
Sternberg T (2010) Unravelling Mongolia’s extreme winter disaster of 2010. Nomadic Peoples 14(1):72–86
Stott PA, Stone DA, Allen MR (2004) Human contribution to the European heatwave of 2003. Nature 432:610–614
Tang Q, Zhang X, Yang X, Francis JA (2013) Cold winter extremes in northern continents linked to Arctic sea ice loss. Environ Res Lett 8(1):1–6
Teng H, Branstator G, Wang H, Meehl GA, Washington WM (2013) Probability of US heat waves affected by a subseasonal planetary wave pattern. Nat Geosci 6:1056–1061
Tikuisis P, Osczevski RJ (2003) Facial cooling during cold air exposure. Bull Am Meteorol Soc 84:927–933
Tong S, Ren C, Becker N (2010) Excess deaths during the 2004 heatwave in Brisbane, Australia. Int J Biometeorol 54(4):393–400
Trewartha GT, Horn L (1980) An introduction to climate, 5th edn. McGraw-Hill, New York, p 416
Wang W, Li X, Wang X, Wang D (2016) Synoptic-scale characteristics and atmospheric controls of summer heat waves in China. Clim Dyn 46:2923–2941
Wu L, Wang C (2015) Has the western Pacific subtropical high extended westward since the late 1970s? J Clim 25. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-14-00618.1
Xu K, Lu R, Kim BJ, Park JK, Mao J, Byon JY, Chen R, Kim EB (2019) Large-scale circulation anomalies associated with extreme heat in South Korea and southern-central Japan. J Clim 32(10):2747–2759
Yeh SW, Won YJ, Hong JS, Lee KJ, Kwon MH, Seo KH, Ham YG (2018) The record-breaking heat wave in 2016 over South Korea and its physical mechanism. Mon Weather Rev 146:1463–1474. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-17-0205.1
Zhou T, Yu R, Zhang J, Drange H, Cassou C, Deser C, Hodson DLR, Sanchez-Gomez E, Li J, , Keenlyside N, Xin X, Okumura Y (2009) Why the western Pacific subtropical high has extended westward since the late 1970s. J Clim 22: https://doi.org/10.1175/2008JCLI2527.1
WMO (2018) July sees extreme weather with high impacts. accessed 20 May 2019, https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/july-sees-extreme-weather-high-impacts
Acknowledgments
We would like to thank Dr. Mingfang Ting for hosting Choi’s visit and helpful discussion with her expertise in East Asian Monsoon dynamics and to the NOAA/OAR/ESRL PSD, Boulder, Colorado, USA, for the NCEP Reanalysis data offering as well as to the Korea Meteorological Administration, Soth Korea for the surface observation data provision.
Funding
This work was supported by the project “Assessment of Thermal Environment Changes in Jeju Island due to Intensifying Subtropical Climate and Urban Sprawl” funded by Jeju Green Environment Center, and Dong Eun Lee has been supported by NSF-AGS grant number 1607348.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOCX 265 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Choi, G., Lee, D.E. Changing human-sensible temperature in Korea under a warmer monsoon climate over the last 100 years. Int J Biometeorol 64, 729–738 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-020-01862-8
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-020-01862-8