Skip to main content
Log in

Diagnostik und Therapie des sympathisch unterhaltenen Schmerzes

Diagnostik and treatment measures in patients with sympathetically maintained pain

  • Zum Thema: Sympathikus und Schmerz
  • Published:
Der Schmerz Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Zusammenfassung

Der „sympathisch unterhaltene Schmerz” (SMP) ist ein Symptom mit variabler Ausprägung und Häufigkeit mit verschiedenen Schmerzerkrankungen (u.a. CRPS, Zoster- und posttraumatische Neuralgie), das in einen vom Sympathikus unabhängigen Schmerz (SIP) übergehen kann. Ein SMP kann nicht durch klinische Merkmale, sondern nur durch die Analgesie nach einer Sympathikusblockade verifiziert werden. Die Interventionsverfahren (Grenzstrangblockade, IVRS, GLOA) unterscheiden sich hinsichtlich ihrer diagnostischen Sensitivität und Spezifität und der therapeutischen Effektivität. Das Risiko einer falsch-positiven Diagnose eines SMP wird durch optimale Technik und differenzierte Dokumentation, das einer Fehldiagnose eines SIP nur durch aufwendiges Monitoring (Messung sympathischer Reflexe) verringert. Es werden ein Modell für den Pathomechanismus, das die klinische Symptomatik in bislang experimentell begründete Hypothesen integrieren soll, sowie Algorithmen für die Diagnostik und die Therapie des SMP diskutiert.

Abstract

The term ”sympathetically maintained pain” (SMP) describes a symptom that might accompany a variety of diseases (CRPS, (post-) herpetic and post-injury neuralgia), which might transform into sympathetically independent pain (SIP) after some time. Patients with SMP present a bunch of disorders of the autonomic and sensory system, but the only reliable way to diagnose a pain as SMP is a positive response to an intervention at the sympathetic nervous system. Three ways of influencing the sympathetic system are commonly used: (a) local anesthetic sympathetic blockade (SB), (b) intravenous regional sympathectomy (IVRS) and (c) ganglionic local opioid application (GLOA). A review of current literature shows that SB has certain advantages in diagnostic sensitivity, whereas GLOA might be slightly superior in therapy of some diseases with longstanding pain history. Obviously, the therapeutic benefit of all interventions is complete independent of the accompanying autonomic disorder and of a blockade of efferent fibers. A new heuristic model of the SMP mechanism is presented, including both experimental and clinical data. For reducing the risks of false positive or negative diagnosis of SMP and SIP, a diagnostic algorithm is proposed. This includes optimizing the technique, changes of interventional measures, and adequate monitoring both of analgesia and as well of the extend of efferent sympathetic blockade (e.g. measurement of sympathetic reflexes). The treatment recommendations in patients with SMP vary in dependence of the kind of disease. In SMP, invasive measures play an important, but only limited role within the comprehensive treatment concept. As an example a three-stage, symptom-adapted treatment algorithm is demonstrated for CRPS, including also drug therapy, psychologic and physiotherapeutic approaches.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Maier, C., Gleim, M. Diagnostik und Therapie des sympathisch unterhaltenen Schmerzes. Schmerz 12, 282–303 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1007/s004820050154

Download citation

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s004820050154

Navigation