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Klinischer Einsatz der rückenmarknahen Opioidanalgesie, Teil 2

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Zusammenfassung

Als wesentliche nichtsystemische Nebenwirkungen rückenmarknah applizierter Opioide werden Pruritus, Urinretention und verzögert auftretende Atemdepression angesprochen. Pruritus wurde bei Gabe nahezu aller Opioide in unterschiedlicher Inzidenz beobachtet, ein Zusammenhang zwischen dem Auftreten von Pruritus und der jeweiligen Opioid-Rezeptoraffinität wird vermutet. Die Frage, ob und wenn ja mit welchem Medikament ein etwaiges Auftreten von Pruritus zu behandeln sei, bleibt offen. Der Wirkungsort für urodynamische Veränderungen scheint an den Rezeptoren im Rückenmark lokalisiert zu sein. Auch hier ist der Grad der Urinretention von den Rezeptoreigenschaften der jeweils eingesetzten Opioide abhängig. Eine Antagonisierung dieser Nebenwirkung durch Naloxon ist grundsätzlich möglich, geht aber immer auf Kosten der Analgesie. Die Atemdepression nach rückenmarknaher Opioidapplikation, besonders die verzögert auftretende, ist insgesamt ein seltenes Ereignis, muß aber dennoch als schwerwiegendste Nebenwirkung angesehen werden. Beim Einsatz von Morphium scheint das Risiko hierfür höher zu sein, als bei der Gabe lipophiler Opioide. Die Applikationsart, PCA, i. m. oder rückenmarknah, ist demgegenüber von eher untergeordneter Bedeutung. Wesentliche Faktoren zur Vermeidung folgenreicher oder gar letaler Komplikationen sind fundierte Kenntnisse bei ärztlichen und pflegerischem Personal, angemessene Therapieschemata, eine genaue Patientenselektion sowie häufige und regelmäßige Nachuntersuchungen. Wenn diese Punkte gewährleistet sind, ist eine Überwachung auf Intensivstationen für das Gros der Patienten nicht erforderlich.

Abstract

The most significant non-systemic side effects of spinal opioids are pruritus, urinary retention and delayed respiratory depression. Pruritus can occur after any opioid, but its incidence may differ with the affinity of the particular opioid to the opioid receptor. Spinal opioid receptors seem to influence urinary retention due to urodynamic effects. Urinary retention can be antagonized by naloxone; however, large doses will also antagonize the analgesic effects. Delayed respiratory depression after spinal opioids is a very rare, but significant complication. In general, respiratory depression after spinal lipophilic opioids will occur earlier than morphine, however the incidence is probably similar. There is some evidence to suggest that the risk of respiratory depression is similar regardless of the route of administration (intramuscular, intravenous, spinal, PCA). Sound knowledge among physicians and nurses, adequate treatment plans, and individual patient selection are essential to avoid significant complications of spinal opioids. If these requirements are fulfilled, most patients can be safely treated with spinal opioids even outside the intensive care unit.

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Rawal, N. Klinischer Einsatz der rückenmarknahen Opioidanalgesie, Teil 2. Schmerz 10, 226–236 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/s004820050045

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