Zusammenfassung
Als wesentliche nichtsystemische Nebenwirkungen rückenmarknah applizierter Opioide werden Pruritus, Urinretention und verzögert auftretende Atemdepression angesprochen. Pruritus wurde bei Gabe nahezu aller Opioide in unterschiedlicher Inzidenz beobachtet, ein Zusammenhang zwischen dem Auftreten von Pruritus und der jeweiligen Opioid-Rezeptoraffinität wird vermutet. Die Frage, ob und wenn ja mit welchem Medikament ein etwaiges Auftreten von Pruritus zu behandeln sei, bleibt offen. Der Wirkungsort für urodynamische Veränderungen scheint an den Rezeptoren im Rückenmark lokalisiert zu sein. Auch hier ist der Grad der Urinretention von den Rezeptoreigenschaften der jeweils eingesetzten Opioide abhängig. Eine Antagonisierung dieser Nebenwirkung durch Naloxon ist grundsätzlich möglich, geht aber immer auf Kosten der Analgesie. Die Atemdepression nach rückenmarknaher Opioidapplikation, besonders die verzögert auftretende, ist insgesamt ein seltenes Ereignis, muß aber dennoch als schwerwiegendste Nebenwirkung angesehen werden. Beim Einsatz von Morphium scheint das Risiko hierfür höher zu sein, als bei der Gabe lipophiler Opioide. Die Applikationsart, PCA, i. m. oder rückenmarknah, ist demgegenüber von eher untergeordneter Bedeutung. Wesentliche Faktoren zur Vermeidung folgenreicher oder gar letaler Komplikationen sind fundierte Kenntnisse bei ärztlichen und pflegerischem Personal, angemessene Therapieschemata, eine genaue Patientenselektion sowie häufige und regelmäßige Nachuntersuchungen. Wenn diese Punkte gewährleistet sind, ist eine Überwachung auf Intensivstationen für das Gros der Patienten nicht erforderlich.
Abstract
The most significant non-systemic side effects of spinal opioids are pruritus, urinary retention and delayed respiratory depression. Pruritus can occur after any opioid, but its incidence may differ with the affinity of the particular opioid to the opioid receptor. Spinal opioid receptors seem to influence urinary retention due to urodynamic effects. Urinary retention can be antagonized by naloxone; however, large doses will also antagonize the analgesic effects. Delayed respiratory depression after spinal opioids is a very rare, but significant complication. In general, respiratory depression after spinal lipophilic opioids will occur earlier than morphine, however the incidence is probably similar. There is some evidence to suggest that the risk of respiratory depression is similar regardless of the route of administration (intramuscular, intravenous, spinal, PCA). Sound knowledge among physicians and nurses, adequate treatment plans, and individual patient selection are essential to avoid significant complications of spinal opioids. If these requirements are fulfilled, most patients can be safely treated with spinal opioids even outside the intensive care unit.
Literatur
Thorén T, Wattwil M (1988) Effects on gastric emptying of thoracic analgesia with morphine or bupivacaine. Anesth Analg 67: 687
Geddes SM, Thorburn J, Logan RW (1991) Gastric emptying following cesarean section and the effect of epidural fentanyl. Anaesthesia 46: 1016
Thomas DA, Williams GM, Iwata K, Kenshalo DR, Dubner R (1993) Multiple effects of morphine on facial scratching in monkeys. Anesth Analg 77: 933
Ackerman WE, Mushtague MJ, Kaczorowski DM, Colclough GW (1989) A comparison of the incidence of pruritus following epidural opioid administration in the parturient. Can J Anaesth 36: 388
White MJ, Berghausen EJ, Dumont SW, Tsuedo K, Schroeder JA, Vogel RL, Heine MF, Huang KC (1992) Side effects during continuous epidural infusion of morphine and fentanyl. Can J Anaesth 39: 576
Acalovschi I, Ene V, Lörinczi E, et al. (1986) Saddle block with pethidine for perineal operations. Br J Anaesth 58: 1012
Valley MA, Bourke DL, McKenzie AM (1992) Recurrence of thoracic and labial herpes simplex virus infection in a patient receiving epidural fentanyl. Anesthesiology 76: 1056
Gieraerts R, Navalgund A, Vaes L, Soetens M, Chang IL, Jahr I (1987) Increased incidence of itching and herpes simplex in patients given epidural morphine after cesarean section. Anesth Analg 66: 1321
Abouleish E (1991) Intrathecal morphine as a cause for herpes simplex should be scratched out (letter). Anesthesiology 75: 919
Stagno S, Whitley RJ (1985) Herpes virus infections in pregnancy: II Herpes simplex virus and varicella-zoster virus infections. N Engl J Med 313: 1327
Rawal N, Schött U, Tandon B, et al. (1986) Influence of i. v. naloxone infusion on analgesia and untoward effects of epidural morphine. Anesthesiology 64: 194
Borgeat A, Wilder-Smith OHG, Salah M, Rifat K (1992) Subhypnotic doses of propofol relieve pruritus induced by epidural and intrathecal moprhine. Anesthesiology 76: 510
Horta ML, Horta BL (1993) Inhibition of epidural morphine-induced pruritus by intravenous droperidol. Reg Anesth 18: 118
Caravallo JCA, Mathias RS, Senva WG, et al. (1991) Systemic droperidol and epidural morphine in the management of postoperative pain. Anesth Analg 72: 416
Cohen SE, Ratner EF, Kreitzman TR, Archer JH, Mignano LR (1992) Nalbuphine is better than naloxone for treatment of side effects after epidural morphine. Anesth Analg 75: 747
Korbon GA, James DJ, Verlander M, et al. (1985) Intramuscular naloxone reverses the side effects of epidural morphine while preserving analgesia. Reg Anesth 10: 16
Abboud TK, Lee K, Zhu J, et al. (1990) Prophylactic oral naltrexone with intrathecal morphine for cesarean section: effects on adverse reactions and analgesia. Anesth Analg 71: 367
Wittels B, Glosten B, Faure EAM, Moawad AH, Ismail M, Hibbard J, Amundsen L, Binstock W, Senal JA, Cox SM, Blacksam SC, Karl L, Thisted RA (1993) Opioid antagonist adjuncts to epidural morphine for postcesarean analgesia: maternal outcomes. Anesth Analg 77: 925
Penning JP, Samson B, Baxter AD (1988) Reversal of epidural morphine-induced respiratory depression and pruritus with nalbuphine. Can J Anaesth 35: 599
Lawhorn CD, McNitt JD, Fibuch EE, et al. (1991) Epidural morphine with butorphanol for postoperative analgesia after cesarean delivery. Anesth Analg 72: 53
Rawal N, Möllefors K, Axelsson K, et al. (1983) An experimental study of urodynamic effects of epidural morphine and of naloxone reversal. Anesth Analg 62: 641
Drenger B, Magora F (1989) Urodynamic studies after intrathecal fentanyl and buprenorphine in the dog. Anesth Analg 69: 348
Drenger B, Sughayer H, Chrubasik J, Goldofsky S, Magora F (1993) Urodynamic and pharmacokinetics of intrathecal alfentanil in canine. Anesth Analg 76: 786
Dray A (1988) Epidural opiates and urinary retention: new models provide new insights. Anesthesiology 68: 323
Jacobson L, Chabal C, Brody MC, et al. (1989) Intrathecal methadone 5 mg and morphine 0.5 mg for postoperative analgesia: a comparision of the efficacy, duration and side effects. Anesth Analg 68: S 132
Gregg R (1989) Spinal analgesia. Anesth Clin North Am 7: 79
Nordberg G, Hedner T, Mellstrand T, Borg L (1984) Pharmacokinetics of epidural morphine in man. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 26: 233
Rawal N, Wattwil M (1984) Respiratory depression following epidural morphine: an experimental and clinical study. Anesth Analg 63: 8
Sandler AN, Chovaz P, Whiting W (1986) Respiratory depression following epidural morphine: a clinical study. Can Anaesth Soc J 33: 542
Gourlay GK, Cherry DA, Cousins MJ (1985) Cephalad migration of morphine in CSF following lumbar epidural administration in patients with cancer pain. Pain 23: 317
Renaud B, Brichant JF, Clergue F, Chauvin M, Levron JC, Viars P (1985) Continuous epidural fentanyl: ventilatory effects and plasma kinetics. Anesthesiology 63: A234
Cohen SE, Labaille T, Benhamon D, Levron JC (1992) Respiratory effects of epidural sufentanil after cesarean section. Anesth Analg 74: 677
Dyer RA, Camden-Smith K, James MFM (1992) Epidural lidocaine with sufentanil and epinephrine for abdominal hysterectomy under general anaesthesia: respiratory depression and postoperative analgesia. Can J Anaesth 39: 220
Wang CY (1992) Respiratory depression after extradural fentanyl. Br J Anaesth 69: 544
Chrubasik J, Chrubasik S, Black A (1993) Respiratory depression after extradural fentanyl. Br J Anaesth 71: 164
Stienstra R, Pannekoek BJM (1993) Respiratory arrest following extradural sufentanil. Anaesthesia 48: 1055
Noble DW, Morrison LM, Brockway MS, McClure JH (1994) Respiratory depression after extradural fentanyl. Br J Anaesth 72: 251
Murphy DF, MacEvilly M (1984) Pain relief after epidural buprenorphine after spinal fusion: a comparison with intramuscular morphine. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 28: 144
Stienstra R, Van Poorten JF (1989) Immediate respiratory arrest after caudal epidural sufentanil. Anesthesiology 71: 993
Blackburn C (1987) Respiratory arrest after epidural sufentanil. Anaesthesia 42: 665
Whiting WC, Sandler AN, Lau LC, Chovaz PM, Slavchenko P, Daley D, Koren G (1988) Analgesic and respiratory effects of epidural sufentanil in patients following thoracotomy. Anesthesiology 69: 36
Fuller JG, McMorland GH, Douglas MJ (1990) Epidural morphine for analgesia after cesarean section: a report of 4880 patients. Can J Anaesth 37: 336
Writer WDR (1990) Epidural morphine for post-cesarean analgesia. Can J Anaesth 37: 608
Hughes SC (1989) The safety of intraspinal narcotics in obstetric patients. Surv Anesth 33: 261
Miller RR, Greenblatt DJ (1976) Drug effects in hospitalized patients. In: Miller RR, Greenblatt DJ (eds) Experiences of the Boston Collaborative Drug Surveillance Program 1966–1975. Biomedical Publications, New York
Brose WG, Cohen SE (1989) Oxyhemoglobin saturation following cesarean section in patients receiving epidural morphine. PCA or IM meperidine analgesia. Anesthesiology 70: 948
Etches RC (1994) Respiratory depression associated with patient-controlled analgesia: a review of eight cases. Can J Anaesth 41: 125
Baxter AD (1994) Respiratory depression with patient controlled analgesia (Editorial). Can J Anaesth 41: 87
Etches RC (1992) Complications of acute pain management. Anesth Clin North Am 10: 417
Stenseth R, Sellevold O, Breivik M (1985) Extradural morphine for post-operative pain: experience with 1085 patients. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 29: 148
Rawal N (1995) Epidural and intrathecal opioids for postoperative pain management in Europe—A 17-nation survey. Reg Anesth 20: S44
Cross DA, Hunt JB (1991) Feasibility of epidural morphine for postoperative analgesia in a small community hospital. Anesth Analg 72: 765
Ready LB, Loper KA, Nessly M, et al. (1991) Postoperative epidural is safe on surgical wards. Anesthesiology 75: 452
Cross DA, Hunt JB (1992) Epidural morphine in a small community hospital: a false sense of security (letter—in response). Anesth Analg 74: 469
Young T, McDonnell FJ (1992) Treatment of pain on surgical ward using epidural morphine. Anesthesiology 76: 155
Dailey PA, Brookshire GL, Shnider SM, Abboud TK, Kotelko DM, Noneihid R, Thigpen JW, Khoo SS, Raya JA, Fontz SE, Brizgys RV, Goebelsman U, Lo MW (1984) Naloxone decreases side effects after intrathecal morphine for labor. Anesth Analg 64: 658
Wright PMC, O’Toole DP, Barron DW, (1992) The influence of naloxone infusion on the action of intrathecal diamorphine: low-dose naloxone and neuroendocrine responses. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand 36: 230
Morgan PJ, Mehta S, Kapala DM (1991) Nalbuphine pretreatment in cesarean section patients receiving epidural morphine. Reg Anesth 16: 84
Gal TJ, Difazio CA (1986) Prolonged antagonism of opioid action with intravenous nalmefene in man. Anesthesiology 64: 175
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Rawal, N. Klinischer Einsatz der rückenmarknahen Opioidanalgesie, Teil 2. Schmerz 10, 226–236 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1007/s004820050045
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s004820050045