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Manifestation, Erklärung und Reduzierung gesundheitlicher Ungleichheiten

Manifestation, explanation, and the reduction of health inequalities

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Zusammenfassung

Gesundheitliche Ungleichheiten sind ungeplante Nebeneffekte, der Art und Weise, wie das soziale Leben und das Wirtschaften organisiert sind und wie Lebensweisen und individuelle Präferenzen (willentlich oder unwillentlich) ausgestaltet sind. Sie wurden für fast alle Gesellschaften berichtet, für die Daten verfügbar sind. Sie manifestieren sich in unterschiedlicher Weise über die gesamte Lebensspanne und für die am häufigsten auftretenden Erkrankungen. Soziale Differenzierungen werden meist über Schulbildung, berufliche Position und Einkommen konzeptualisiert. Deren relative Effekte variieren in Abhängigkeit von der untersuchten Erkrankung. Alle drei Indikatoren messen indirekt Kontrolle, also Möglichkeiten und Optionen zur individuellen Einflussnahme als zentraler Kategorie sozialpsychologischer Stresstheorien. Neben zeitnahen Auswirkungen der Sozialstruktur wurden in neueren Studien Effekte über die Lebensspanne untersucht. Sofern sie während sensibler Entwicklungsphasen auftreten, können Deprivations- und Belastungserfahrungen der Mutter beim ungeborenen Kind zu Beeinträchtigungen und Prädispositionen für später auftretende Erkrankungen führen. Dieses „Modell kritischer Perioden“ wird ergänzt durch das „Kumulationsmodell“, das gesundheitliche Ungleichheiten als das Resultat von Benachteiligungen und anderen Einflussfaktoren beschreibt, die sich über den Lebenslauf summieren und mit erhöhten Erkrankungsrisiken verbunden sind. Zur Reduzierung gesundheitlicher Ungleichheiten können Maßnahmen eingeleitet werden, die auf Veränderungen des Verhaltens oder auf Veränderungen von Lebens- und Umgebungsbedingungen gerichtet sind, oder sie können über Ge- und Verbote erreicht werden. Verhaltensmuster werden jedoch in Abhängigkeit vom Bildungsstand mit unterschiedlicher Geschwindigkeit und Bereitschaft übernommen und können – wenigstens kurzfristig – zu einer Erhöhung gesundheitlicher Ungleichheiten führen.

Abstract

Definition of the problem Health inequalities are unintended consequences of the ways how social life and the economy are organized. Ways of living and individual preferences are also determining health inequalities, irrespective of whether being deliberate or imposed. Health inequalities have been reported for nearly all countries, for which data are available. These manifest in many different ways and over the whole life course for the most frequently occurring diseases. Arguments Usually social differentiation is conceptualized by using education, occupational position, and income. The relative effect magnitudes vary according to the type of health impairment considered. All indicators more or less depict control, i.e., opportunities for exercising influence and to participate. Control is a core construct of social psychological conceptions of distress. Beyond proximate effects of the social structure, recent studies are focussed on the life course. If pregnant women are exposed to distress or deprivation, the unborn child may experience impairments or may develop vulnerabilities to disease, if these effects occur during sensitive developmental periods. This “model of sensitive periods” is complemented by the “model of cumulative exposures”. The latter implies that disadvantageous conditions may accumulate over the life course and may be associated with increased disease susceptibility. Conclusion In order to reduce health inequalities, measures may be directed toward behavioral changes and living conditions, or they may include changes of laws. Changes of behavior will occur at different paces, varying readiness, and openness for change—depending on educational level. This will result in time-lagged effects entailing increasing health disparities, at least in the short term.

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Geyer, S. Manifestation, Erklärung und Reduzierung gesundheitlicher Ungleichheiten. Ethik Med 22, 249–262 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00481-010-0081-0

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