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A review on the climate-induced depletion of Iran’s aquifers

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Abstract

Few studies have examined the impact of climate change on groundwater resources worldwide, especially in developing countries. The objective of this study is to review the effects of climate change on groundwater resources in Iran in order to assess the present conditions and challenges and future directions. To this end, the related studies, especially the peer-reviewed national and international articles, were surveyed. Only the responses of 40 aquifers have been estimated toward climate change in Iran, such that a large gap occurs in this perspective. This is in reference to the alluvial aquifers, and even fewer studies have evaluated the impact of climate change on hard-rock and karst groundwater systems despite their being highly vulnerable to the existing stresses. The conducted studies are primarily small-scale, and inadequate research has been conducted on the effect of climate change on aquifers at national and even regional scales. The impact of climate change on groundwater quality and coastal aquifers has not hitherto been adequately assessed. An ever-increasing temperature and ever-decreasing precipitation over the country have been forecasted, resulting in induced stresses on aquifers, including the decline of groundwater level, storage and recharge. If the current managerial approaches are maintained, the failure threshold of most aquifers will certainly be exceeded, making the looming crisis of water in Iran even worse. Finally, it is recommended to reevaluate the groundwater management policies across the country thoroughly and, thence, propose and execute the new adaptation strategies.

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank Dr. George Christakos, the associate editor, and anonymous reviewers for their really constructive comments on the earlier manuscript, which led to an improvement of the article. Further, Miss Parisa Sahraneshin is highly appreciated for editing the English language of the manuscript.

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The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.

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  1. Department of Minerals and Groundwater Resources, School of Earth Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

    Nejat Zeydalinejad & Hamid Reza Nassery

  2. Earth Sciences Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran

    Nejat Zeydalinejad & Hamid Reza Nassery

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  1. Nejat Zeydalinejad
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  2. Hamid Reza Nassery
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Both authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were performed by both authors. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Nejat Zeydalinejad and the other author commented on previous versions of the manuscript. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.

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Correspondence to Hamid Reza Nassery.

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Zeydalinejad, N., Nassery, H.R. A review on the climate-induced depletion of Iran’s aquifers. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 37, 467–490 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-022-02278-z

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