Abstract
As a variant with high spatial differentiation and continuous space time, soil is polluted by various artificial or natural factors, and the pollution of heavy metal Cd is one of the more serious problems. This study took Liaocheng, as the research area and sampled the points in a grid center of 10 km × 10 km to obtain the sampling data of heavy metal Cd in the soil surface layer at depths of 0–20 cm. We selected the environmental background value of Shandong Province as the standard and used the geological accumulation index method to evaluate the pollution status of heavy metal Cd in the experimental area, concluding that there was a moderate level of Cd pollution in the study area. On this basis, we selected soil pH value, soil sub-class, annual average precipitation, annual average surface temperature, elevation data, and change in GDP as the six major influencing factors of heavy metal Cd in the study area by GeoDetector analysis. The correlation between soil heavy metal Cd and the impact factors was explored. The results revealed that soil pH and elevation exerted a large influence on soil Cd content, while annual average surface temperature had the least influence. The interaction of various influencing factors on heavy metal Cd was nonlinearly enhanced, especially the elevation data and annual average precipitation data.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Bai J, Cui B, Wang Q, Gao H, Ding Q (2008) Assessment of heavy metal contamination of roadside soils in Southwest China. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 23(3):341–347. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-008-0219-5
Chaney RL, Kim WI, Kunhikrishnan A, Yang JE, Ok YS (2016) Integrated management strategies for arsenic and cadmium in rice paddy environments. Geodema 270:1–2
Chen Y, Wang W, Shi H, Wang M, Xu C (2019) Case analysis of influence factors of regional soil heavy metal spatial distribution driving factors. Environ Sci Res 32(07):1213–1223
Cheng S (2003) Heavy metal pollution in China: origin, pattern and control. Environ Sci Pollut Res 10:192–198
China Environmental Monitoring Station (1990) Chinese soil element background value. Beijing, China
Dai B, Lv J, Zhan J, Zhang Z, Liu Y, Zhou R (2015) Source, spatial distribution and potential ecological risk assessment of heavy metals in typical industrial cities of Shandong Province. Environ Sci 36(02):507–515
Ding Q, Cheng G, Wang Y, Zhuang DF (2017) Effects of natural factors on the spatial distribution of heavy metals in soils surrounding mining regions. Sci Total Environ 578:577–585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.001
Dong WQY, Cui Y, Liu X (2001) Instances of soil and crop heavy metal contamination in China. Soil Sedim Contam Int J 10(5):497–510. https://doi.org/10.1080/20015891109392
Du Z, Xu X, Zhang H, Wu Z, Liu Y (2016) Geographical detector-based identification of the impact of major determinants on aeolian desertification risk. PLoS ONE 11(3):e0151331. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151331
Forstner U, Ahif W, Calmano W (1990) Sediment criteria development—contributions from environmental geochemistry to water quality management. Springer, Berlin
Fu W, Liu Y, Tang Q, Cao J, Zhang B (2009) Study on heavy metal pollution and agricultural function localization of cultivated soil based on GIS——taking Liaocheng City of Shandong Province as an example. J China Environ Manag Cadre Coll 19(03):79–82
Hui N (2017) Excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers is worrying. Make a real move to extend soil life and improve soil quality. Chinese National People’s Congress 15:47
Li H, Shao Z (2019) Overview of spatial interpolation analysis algorithms. Appl Comput Syst 28(7):1–8
Li Y, Han P, Ren D, Luo N, Wang J (2017) Analysis of factors affecting heavy metals in farmland soil based on geographical detectors. Chin Agric Sci 50(21):4138–4148
Liu Y, Li Z, Zhang B, Cao J (2010) Study on the contents and spatial distribution characteristics of trace elements in soil of Liaocheng City. Jiangsu Agric Sci 4:372–374
Liu Y, Ma C, Cao J, Fu W (2013a) Present situation of heavy metal pollution in soil of Liaocheng City and its potential risk assessment. J Liaocheng Univ (Nat Sci Ed) 26(02):73–77 + 94
Liu Q, Li M, Duan J, Wu H, Hong X (2013b) Analysis of factors affecting the content of lead and cadmium in farmland by geographical weighted regression model. J Agric Eng 29(03):225–234 + 300
Luo Q, Zhang J, Jiang L, Lu C, Guo N, Zhang Q, Li W (2017) Heavy metal content and pollution evaluation of soil in the waterfront zone of Liaocheng City. Ecol Sci 36(01):209–214
Lv J, Liu Y, Zhang Z, Dai J (2013) Factorial kriging and stepwise regression approach to identify environmental factors influencing spatial multi-scale variability of heavy metals in soils. J Hazard Mater 261:387–397
Makino T, Maejima Y, Akahane I, Kamiya T, Takano H, Fujitomi S, Ibaraki T, Kunhikrishnan A, Bolan N (2016) A practical soil washing method for use in a Cd-contaminated paddy field, with simple on-site wastewater treatment. Geodema 270:3–9
Meuser H (2016) Causes of soil contamination in the urban. Contam Urban Soils. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-9328-8_3
Michaela Z, Raimund P, Iva JC (2019) Field-tests versus laboratory methods for determining metal pollutants in soil extracts. Soil Sedim Contam. https://doi.org/10.1080/15320383.2019.1670136
Ren Z, Xiao R, Zhang Z, Lv X, Fei X (2019) Risk assessment and source identification of heavy metals in agricultural soil: a case study in the coastal city of Zhejiang Province, China. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 33(11–12):2109–2118. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-019-01741-8
Wang J, Xu C (2017) Geodetector: principles and prospects. J Geogr Sci 72(01):116–134
Wang JF, Li XH, Christakos G, Liao YL, Zhang T, Gu X, Zheng XY (2010) Geographical detectors-based health risk assessment and its application in the neural tube defects study of the Heshun region, China. Int J Geogr Inf Sci 24(1):107–127
Wang JF, Zhang TL, Fu BJ (2016) A measure of spatial stratified heterogeneity. Ecol Ind 67:250–256
Webster R, Oliver M (2001) Geostatistics for environmental scientists. Wiley, New York
Xu M, Zhou S, Wang X, Wu S, Cao W, Zhang H (2010) The impact of social and economic development on the accumulation of heavy metals in soil in a typical area of the Yangtze River Delta. Geogr Sci 6:81–86
Xu J, Meng J, Liu X, Shi J, Tang X (2018) Prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in farmland soils and food security in China. Chin Acad Sci 2:153–159
Yang Y, Tie B, Zhang P, Chen Y, Bai M (2011) Effects of rainfall and vegetation cover on soil heavy metal loss. J Soil Water Conver 25(1):39–42+46
Yang Q, Li Z, Lu X, Du Q, Lei H, Jun B (2018) A review of soil heavy metal pollution from industrial and agricultural regions in China: pollution and risk assessment. Sci Total Environ 642:690–700
Yin L, Zhang B, Li A, Kang Y, Liu J, Zhang H et al (2014) Effects of soil pH on the behavior of heavy metals in soil. Liaoning Chem Ind 7:865–867
Zhang X, Zhong T, Liu L, Ouyang X (2015) Impact of soil heavy metal pollution on food safety in China. PLoS ONE. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135182
Zhang J, Dong J, Liang Q, Yang N, Geng Y (2019) Detection of factors affecting heavy metal pollution in soils of Baoji City and its source analysis. Environ Sci 40(08):3774–3784
Zhou D (2019) Soil Environmental Remediation Alliance. [Expert opinion], Researcher, Nanjing. Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences: Impact of temperature increase on heavy metal uptake by crops on contaminated soil. https://www.sohu.com/a/331073127_712505
Acknowledgements
Sponsored by Shandong Province Green Building Collaborative Innovation Center Team Building Fund Project (LSXT201506) and Shandong Province Professional Degree Postgraduate Teaching Case Library Construction Project.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jiang, Y., Sun, Y., Zhang, L. et al. Influence factor analysis of soil heavy metal Cd based on the GeoDetector. Stoch Environ Res Risk Assess 34, 921–930 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-020-01806-z
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00477-020-01806-z