Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Seasonal dynamics of wood formation in Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) along an altitudinal gradient in the Hyrcanian forest, Iran

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Trees Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The cambium dynamics and wood formation of Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) was investigated during the 2008 growing season in the Nowshahr Hyrcanian forest, Iran (36°N, 51°E). Three study sites were selected along an altitudinal gradient (650, 1,100 and 1,600 m a.s.l.), and cambial activity rates of cell formation and cell maturation were studied on micro-cores collected in intervals of 10–20 days. The cambium reactivation of the low-altitude (L) and mid-altitude (M) trees occurred contemporaneously in late March, and also the consecutive phases of cell differentiation took place almost at the same time; however, the entry into cambial dormancy varied considerably from late August to mid-November. Due to lower temperature, the upper-altitude (U) trees showed a 10-day delay in their cambium reactivation, an earlier entry into cambium dormancy (mid-September) and a slower growth rate resulting in narrower tree rings. Despite these differences, the daily increment rates of the trees at all sites reached maximum values coincidently in the early June. Since the photoperiod is the only common external factor among different sites, it is concluded that the timing of the highest growth rate is controlled by the photoperiod.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Antonova GF, Cherkashin VP, Stasova VV, Varaksina TN (1995) Daily dynamics in xylem cell radial growth of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Trees 10:24–30

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barnett JR (1992) Reactivation of the cambium in Aesculus hippocastanum L.: a transmission electron microscope study. Ann Bot 70:169–177

    Google Scholar 

  • Begum S, Nakaba S, Oribe Y, Kubo T, Funada R (2007) Induction of cambial reactivation by localized heating in a deciduous hardwood hybrid poplar (Populus sieboldii × P. grandidentata). Ann Bot 100:439–447

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Begum S, Nakaba S, Oribe Y, Kubo T, Funada R (2010) Cambial sensitivity to rising temperatures by natural condition and artificial heating from late winter to early spring in the evergreen conifer Cryptomeria japonica. Trees 24:43–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bräuning A, Homeier J, Cueva E, Beck E, Günter S (2008) Growth dynamics of trees in tropical mountain ecosystems. Ecol Stud 198:291–302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chaffey N (2002) An introduction to the problems of working with trees. In: Chaffey N (ed) Wood formation in trees (cell and molecular biology techniques). Taylor & Francis, London, pp 9–16

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Čufar K, Prislan P, de Luis M, Gričar J (2008) Tree-ring variation, wood formation and phenology of beech (Fagus sylvatica) from a representative site in Slovenia, SE Central Europe. Trees 22:749–758

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Luis M, Gričar J, Čufar K, Raventós J (2007) Seasonal dynamics of wood formation in Pinus halepensis from dry and semi-arid ecosystems in Spain. IAWA J 28:389–404

    Google Scholar 

  • Deslauriers A, Morin H (2005) Intra-annual tracheid production in balsam fir stems and the effect of meteorological variables. Trees 19:402–408

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deslauriers A, Rossi S, Anfodillo T (2007) Dendrometer and intra-annual tree growth: what kind of information can be inferred? Dendrochronologia 25:113–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Deslauriers A, Rossi S, Anfodillo T, Saracino A (2008) Cambial phenology, wood formation and temperature thresholds in two contrasting years at high altitude in southern Italy. Tree Physiol 28:863–871

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dittmar C, Zech W, Elling W (2003) Growth variations of Common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) under different climatic and environmental conditions in Europe—a dendroecological study. For Ecol Manage 173:63–78

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dünisch O, Rühmann O (2006) Kinetics of cell formation and growth stresses in the secondary xylem of Swietenia mahagoni (L.) Jacq. and Khaya ivorensis A. Chev. (Meliaceae). Wood Sci Technol 40:49–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frankenstein C, Eckstein D, Schmitt U (2005) The onset of cambium activity—a matter of agreement? Dendrochronologia 23:57–62

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grace J, Berninger F, Nagy L (2002) Impacts of climate change on the tree line. Ann Bot 90:537–544

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gričar J, Čufar K (2008) Seasonal dynamics of phloem and xylem formation in silver fir and Norway spruce as affected by drought. Russ J Plant Physiol 55:538–543

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gričar J, Zupančič M, Čufar K, Oven P (2007) Regular cambial activity and xylem and phloem formation in locally heated and cooled stem portions of Norway spruce. Wood Sci Technol 41:463–475

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gruber A, Baumgartner D, Zimmermann J, Oberhuber W (2009) Temporal dynamics of wood formation in Pinus cembra along the alpine treeline ecotone and the effect of climate variables. Trees 23:623–635

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grünwald C, Ruel K, Schmitt U (2002) Differentiation of xylem cells in rolC transgenic aspen trees—a study of secondary cell wall development. Ann For Sci 59:679–685

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kahle HP (2006) Impact of the drought in 2003 on intra- and inter-annual stem radial growth of beech and spruce along an altitudinal gradient in the Black Forest, Germany. In: Heinrich I, Gärtner H, Monbarron M, Schleser GH (eds) Tree rings in archaeology, climatology and ecology (TRACE), vol 4, pp 151–163

  • Ko Heinrichs D, Tardif JC, Bergeron Y (2007) Xylem production in six tree species growing on an island in the boreal forest region of western Quebec, Canada. Can J Bot 85:518–525

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krepkowski J, Bräuning A, Gebrekirstos A, Strobl S (2010) Seasonal growth dynamics and climatic control of different tree life forms in Munessa Forest (Ethiopia). Trees. doi:10.1007/s00468-010-0460-7

  • Mäkinen L, Seo JW, Nöjd P, Schmitt U, Jalkanen R (2008) Seasonal dynamics of wood formation: a comparison between pinning, microcoring and dendrometer measurements. Eur J For Res 127:235–245

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcati CR, Milanez CRD, Machado SR (2008) Seasonal development of secondary xylem and phloem in Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) Blake (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae). Trees 22:3–12

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mariaux A (1967–1968) Les cernes dans les bois tropicaux africains, nature et périodicité. Bois et Forêt des Tropiques no. 113:3–14, no. 114:23–27

  • Marion L, Gričar J, Oven P (2007) Wood formation in urban Norway maple trees studied by the micro-coring method. Dendrochronologia 25:97–102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marvie-Mohadjer MR (2005) Silviculture, 1st edn. University of Tehran Press, Tehran (in Persian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Moshtagh-Khanamoei MH (2003) The relation between the annual diameter increment of Fagus orientalis and environmental factors (Hyrcanian forest-Iran). Msc thesis, International Institute for Geo-information Science and Earth Observation, Netherlands

  • Nobuchi T, Ogata Y, Siripatanadilok S (1995) Seasonal characteristics of wood formation in Hopea odorata and Shorea henryana. IAWA J 16:361–369

    Google Scholar 

  • Nocetti M, Romagnoli M (2008) Seasonal cambial activity of spruce (Picea abies Karst.) with indented rings in the Paneveggio Forest (Trento, Italy). Acta Biol Cracov Bot 50:27–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Prislan P, Koch G, Čufar K, Gričar J, Schmitt U (2009) Topochemical investigations of cell walls in developing xylem of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.). Holzforschung 63:482–490

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pumijumnong N, Wanyaphet T (2006) Seasonal cambial activity and tree-ring formation of Pinus merkusii and Pinus kesiya in Northern Thailand in dependence on climate. For Ecol Manage 226:279–289

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Riding RT, Little CHA (1984) Anatomy and histochemistry of Abies balsamea cambial zone cells during the onset and breaking of dormancy. Can J Bot 62:2570–2579

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi S, Deslauriers A, Morin H (2003) Application of the Gompertz equation for the study of xylem cell development. Dendrochronologia 21:33–39

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi S, Anfodillo T, Menardi R (2006a) Trephor: a new tool for sampling microcores from tree stems. IAWA J 27:89–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossi S, Deslauriers A, Anfodillo T, Morin H, Saracino A, Motta R, Borghetti M (2006b) Conifers in cold environments synchronize maximum growth rate of tree-ring formation with day length. New Phytol 170:301–310

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rossi S, Desiauriers A, Anfodillo T (2007) Evidence of threshold temperatures for xylogenesis in conifers at high altitudes. Oecologia 152:1–12

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sagheb-Talebi K, Eslami A (2008) Nature-based silviculture—how can achieve the equilibrium state in uneven-aged oriental beech stands? In: Proceedings of 8th IUFRO international beech symposium, 8–13 September 2008. Hokkaido, Japan, pp 59–61

  • Sagheb-Talebi K, Sajedi T, Yazdian F (2004) Forests of Iran. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands, Technical Publication, no 339, 56 p

  • Sarmadian F, Jafari M (2001) Investigation of forest soil in educational-experimental forest of Tehran University. J Iranian Nat Res, 111 p (special issue)

  • Sass U, Eckstein D (1995) The variability of vessel size in beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and its ecophysiological interpretation. Trees 9:247–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schabenberger O (2005) Nonlinear regression in SAS. University of California, Los Angeles, SAS Library. http://www.ats.ucla.edu/stat/SAS/library/SASNLin_os.htm. Accessed 27 April 2005

  • Schmitt U, Möller R, Eckstein D (2000) Seasonal wood formation dynamics of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) as determined by the ‘‘pinning’’ technique. J Appl Bot 74:10–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Schmitt U, Jalkanen R, Eckstein D (2004) Cambium dynamics of Pinus sylvestris and Betula spp. in the northern boreal forest in Finland. Silva Fenn 38:167–178

    Google Scholar 

  • Schweingruber FH (2007) Wood structure and environment. Springer series in wood science. Springer, Heidelberg

    Google Scholar 

  • Seo JW, Eckstein D, Schmitt U (2007) The pinning method—from pinning to data preparation. Dendrochronologia 25:79–86

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Seo JW, Eckstein D, Jalkanen R, Rickebusch S, Schmitt U (2008) Estimating the onset of cambial activity of Scots pine in northern Finland by means of the heat-sum approach. Tree Physiol 28:105–112

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tardif J, Flannigan M, Bergeron Y (2001) An analysis of the daily radial activity of 7 boreal tree species, Northwestern Québec. Environ Monit Assess 67:141–160

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thibeault-Martel M, Krause C, Morin H, Rossi S (2008) Cambial activity and intra-annual xylem formation in roots and stems of Abies balsamea and Picea mariana. Ann Bot 102:667–674

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • van der Werf GW, Sass-Klaassen U, Mohren GMJ (2007) The impact of the 2003 summer drought on the intra-annual growth pattern of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and oak (Quercus robur L.) on a dry site in the Netherlands. Dendrochronologia 25:103–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vollenweider P, Dustin I, Hofer R, Vittoz P, Hainard P (1994) A study of the cambial zone and conductive phloem of common beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) using an image analysis method. Trees 9:106–112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wodzicki TJ (1971) Mechanism of xylem differentiation in Pinus silvestris L. J Exp Bot 22:670–687

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolter KE (1968) A new method for marking xylem growth. For Sci 14:102–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Yoshinaga A, Fujita M, Saiki H (1992) Relationships between cell evolution and lignin structural varieties in oak xylem evaluated by microscopic spectrophotometry with separated cell walls. Mokuzai Gakkaishi 38:629–637

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Dr. Jeong-Wook Seo, Hamburg, for his technical assistance. We also thank the DAAD (Deutscher Akademischer Austausch Dienst) to fund a 6-month stay of the first author at the Universities of Erlangen-Nuremberg and Hamburg (Germany) to get familiar with the “micro-coring” method.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Wood Science and Technology, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, P.O.Box 31585-4314, Karaj, Iran

    Reza Oladi & Kambiz Pourtahmasi

  2. Division Wood Biology, Department of Wood Science, University of Hamburg, Leuschnerstrasse 91, 21031, Hamburg, Germany

    Dieter Eckstein

  3. Institute of Geography, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Kochstr. 4/4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany

    Achim Bräuning

Authors
  1. Reza Oladi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Kambiz Pourtahmasi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Dieter Eckstein
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Achim Bräuning
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Reza Oladi.

Additional information

Communicated by E. Beck.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Oladi, R., Pourtahmasi, K., Eckstein, D. et al. Seasonal dynamics of wood formation in Oriental beech (Fagus orientalis Lipsky) along an altitudinal gradient in the Hyrcanian forest, Iran. Trees 25, 425–433 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-010-0517-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-010-0517-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation