Abstract
To determine the tolerance of Salix gracilistyla to repetitive alternate flooding and drought, we measured leaf stomatal conductance, pre-dawn water potential, osmotic adjustment, and biomass production under greenhouse conditions. We used a control and nine crossed treatments (F1-D1–F3-D3) in which we combined 1-, 2-, or 3-week floodings (F) and droughts (D). Leaf stomatal conductance was lowest in 3 weeks of flooding or drought when the preceding event (flood or drought) was also of a 3-week duration. Leaf pre-dawn water potential was reduced in 3 weeks of drought when preceded by 2 or 3 weeks of flooding. Cuttings had slight osmotic adjustments in repetitions of long floodings and droughts. During longer durations of drought in crossed experiments, plants had low root and shoot mass, few hypertrophic lenticels, and reduced leaf mass; when flooding duration increased in crossed experiments, root mass was reduced, there were more hypertrophic lenticels, and the leaf area was reduced. Cuttings achieved stress tolerance by inhibition of transpiration, osmotic adjustment, reduction of transpiration area, and development of hypertrophic lenticels. Stress tolerance was weak when repetitive 2- or 3-week floodings were combined with 3-week droughts. The duration of flooding and drought periods under which S. gracilistyla achieves stress tolerance may be critical in determining distributions along riverbanks.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Angeles G, Evert RF, Kozlowski TT (1986) Development of lenticels and adventitious roots in flooded Ulmus americana seedlings. Can J For Res 16:585–590
Armstrong W, Drew MC (2002) Root growth and metabolism under oxygen deficiency. In: Waisel Y, Eshel A, Kafkafi U (eds) Plant roots: the hidden half. Marchel Dekker, USA, pp 729–761
Bertani A, Brambilla I (1982) Effect of decreasing oxygen concentration on wheat roots: growth and induction of anaerobic metabolism. Z Pflanzenphysiol 108:283–288
Braatne JH, Hinckley TM, Stettler RF (1992) Influence of soil-water on the physiological and morphological components of plant water balance in Populus trichocarpa, Populus deltoides and their F1 hybrids. Tree Physiol 11:325–339
Crawford RMM (1982) Physiological responses to flooding. In: Lange OL, Nobel PS, Osmond CB, Ziegler H (eds) Physiological plant ecology II water relations and carbon assimilation. Springer, Berlin, pp 453–477
Dat JF, Capelli N, Folzer H, Bourgeade P, Badot PM (2004) Sensing and signalling during plant flooding. Plant Physiol Biochem 42:273–282
Dichio B, Xiloyannis C, Sofo A, Montanaro G (2006) Osmotic regulation in leaves and roots of olive trees during a water deficit and rewatering. Tree Physiol 26:179–185
Domingo R, Perez-Pastor A, Ruiz-Sanchez C (2002) Physiological responses of apricot plants grafted on two different rootstocks to flooding conditions. J Plant Physiol 159:725–732
Drew MC (1990) Sensing soil oxygen. Plant Cell Environ 13:681–696
Everard JD, Drew MC (1989) Mechanisms controlling changes in water movement through the roots of Helianthus annuus L. during continuous exposure to oxygen deficiency. J Exp Bot 40:95–104
Garcia-Sánchez F, Syvertsen JP, Gimeno V, Botia P, Perez-Perez JG (2007) Responses to flooding and drought stress by two citrus rootstock seedlings with different water-use efficiency. Physiol Plantarum 130:532–542
Hiron RWP, Wright STC (1973) The role of endogenous abscisic acid in the response of plants to stress. J Exp Bot 24:769–781
Hook DD, Brown CL, Kormanik PP (1970) Lenticels and water root development of swamp tupelo under various flooding condition. Bot Gaz 131:217–224
Ishikawa S (1982) Ecological studies of the floodplain willow forests in the Tohoku district (in Japanese with English abstract). Res Rep Kochi Univ Natur Sci 31:95–104
Ishikawa S (1997) Distribution behavior of riparian plants and species diversity of the vegetation on rocky river banks in the Yoshino River in Shikoku, Japan. Mem Fac Sci Kochi Univ Ser D (Biol) 18:1–7
Jackson MB (1985) Ethylene and the responses of plants to soil waterlogging and submergence. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 36:145–174
Jackson MB (1991) Regulation of water relationships in flooded plants by ABA from leave, roots and xylem sap. In: Davies WJ, Jones HG (eds) Abscisic acid: physiology and biochemistry. Bios Scientific Publishers, Oxford, pp 217–226
Jackson MB, Attwood PA (1996) Roots of willow (Salix viminalis L.) show marked tolerance to oxygen shortage in flooded soils and in solution culture. Plant Soil 187:37–45
Kludze HK, De Laune RD (1994) Methane emission and growth of Spartina patens in response to soil redox intensity. Soil Sci Soc Am J 58:1838–1845
Kludze H, Pezeshki SR, De Laune RD (1994) Evaluation of root oxygenation and growth in baldcypress in response to short-term soil hypoxia. Can J For Res 24:804–809
Kozlowski TT (1984) Flooding and Plant Growth. Academic Press, Orlando
Kozlowski TT (1997) Responses of woody plants to flooding and salinity. Tree Physiol Monogr 1:1–29
Kozlowski TT (2000) Responses of woody plants to human-induced environmental stresses: issues, problems and strategies for alleviating stress. Crit Rev Plant Sci 19:91–170
Kramer PJ (1940) Causes of decreased absorption of water by plants in poorly aerated media. Am J Bot 27:216–220
Kramer PJ, Jackson WJ (1954) Causes of injury to flooded tobacco plants. Plant Physiol 29:241–249
Larcher W (1980) Physiological plant ecology. Springer, Berlin
Li S, Pezeshki SR, Goodwin S, Shields FD (2004) Physiological responses of black willow (Salix nigra) cuttings to a range of soil moisture regimes. Photosynthetica 42:585–590
Liu ZJ, Dickmann DI (1993) Responses of 2 hybrid Populus clones to flooding, drought, and nitrogen availability. II. Gas-exchange and water relations. Can J Bot 71:927–938
Marron N, Dreyer E, Boudouresque E, Delay D, Petit JM, Delmotte FM, Brignolas F (2003) Impact of successive drought and re-watering cycles on growth and specific leaf area of two Populus x canadensis (Moench) clones, ‘Dorskamp’ and ‘Luisa_Avanzo’. Tree Physiol 23:1225–1235
Maruyama Y, Morikawa Y (1983) Measurement of leaf water relations using the pressure–volume technique. J Jpn For Soc 65:23–28
Metcalfe JC, Davies WJ, Pereira JS (1990) Leaf growth of Eucalyptus globulus seedlings under water deficit. Tree Physiol 6:221–227
Milborrow BV (1974) The chemistry and physiology of abscisic acid. Annu Rev Plant Physiol 25:259–307
Nakai A, Kisanuki H (2007a) Effect of elevation above the waterline on the growth of current-year Salix gracilistyla seedlings on a gravel bar (in Japanese with English abstract). J Jpn For Soc 89:1–6
Nakai A, Kisanuki H (2007b) Effect of inundation duration on Salix gracilistyla density and size on a gravel bar. J For Res 12:365–370
Nakai A, Yurugi Y, Kisanuki H (2009) Growth responses of Salix gracilistyla cuttings to a range of substrate moisture and oxygen availability. Ecol Res 24:1057–1065
Niiyama K (1987) Distribution of salicaceous species and soil texture of habitats along the Ishikari River (in Japanese with English abstract). Jpn J Ecol 37:163–174
Pezeshki SR (2001) Wetland plant responses to soil flooding. Environ Exp Bot 46:299–312
Pezeshki SR, Anderson PH, Shields FDJ (1998) Effects of soil moisture regimes on growth and survival of black willow (Salix nigra) posts (cuttings). Wetlands 18:460–470
Ponnamperuma FN (1972) The chemistry of submerged soil. Adv Agron 24:29–96
Schaff SD, Pezeshki SR, Shields FDJ (2003) Effects of soil conditions on survival and growth of black willow cuttings. Environ Manag 31:748–763
Topa MA, McLeod KW (1988) Promotion of aerenchyma formation in Pinus serotina seedlings by ethylene. Can J For Res 18:276–280
van Splunder I, Voesenek LACJ, Coops H, de Vries XJA, Blom CWPM (1996) Morphological responses of seedlings of four species of Salicaceae to drought. Can J Bot 74:1988–1995
Wikbergi J, Ogreni E (2007) Variation in drought resistance, drought acclimation and water conservation in four willow cultivars used for biomass production. Tree Physiol 27:1339–1346
Williams JL, Levine JM (2004) Small-scale variation in growing season length affects size structure of scarlet monkeyflower. Oikos 106:131–137
Yamamoto F, Sakata T, Terazawa K (1995a) Growth, morphology, stem anatomy and ethylene production in flooded Alnus japonica seedlings. IAWA J 16:47–59
Yamamoto F, Sakata T, Terazawa K (1995b) Physiological, anatomical and morphological responses of Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings to flooding. Tree Physiol 15:713–719
Acknowledgments
The authors thank their colleagues for their assistance with the survey.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Communicated by E. Beck.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Nakai, A., Yurugi, Y. & Kisanuki, H. Stress responses in Salix gracilistyla cuttings subjected to repetitive alternate flooding and drought. Trees 24, 1087–1095 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-010-0481-2
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-010-0481-2