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Stem and leaf water potentials, gas exchange, sap flow, and trunk diameter fluctuations for detecting water stress in lemon trees

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Abstract

The sensitivity of continuous (on a whole-day basis) and discretely (at midday) measured indicators of the plant water status in adult lemon trees in response to a cycle of water deprivation and recovery, and the feasibility of obtaining baselines for tree water status indicators was investigated in 30-year-old Fino lemon trees (Citrus limon (L.) Burm. fil.) grafted on sour orange (C. aurantium L.) rootstocks. Control plants (T0) were irrigated daily above their crop water requirements in order to obtain non-limiting soil water conditions, while T1 plants were subjected to water stress by withholding irrigation for 50 days, after which time irrigation was restored and plant recovery was studied for 16 days. In T0 plants the water relations and the plant symptoms confirmed that they had not suffered waterlogging. In contrast, T1 plants showed a substantial degree of water stress, which developed very slowly. Maximum daily trunk shrinkage (MDS) increased in response to water stress during the first 15 days of the experiment, but when the stem water potential (Ψstem) fell below −1.8 MPa, the MDS signal intensity decreased. However, Ψstem and sap flow (SF) signal intensities progressively increased during the water stress period. The results showed that MDS is a very suitable plant-based indicator for precise irrigation scheduling in adult lemon trees. Reference or baseline relationships for MDS, Ψstem, and SF measurements as a function of several parameters related to the evaporative demand of the atmosphere were obtained. This fact open up the possibility of considering a plant-based indicator measurement at a given time relative to the expected value under non-limiting water conditions, which can be calculated from the reference relationships.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by CICYT (AGL2004-07940-C03-02 and AGL2003-9387-C05-02) and PETRI (PTR1995-0693-OP-02-01) grants to the authors. M.F. Ortuño was a recipient of a Program I3P research fellowship from CSIC.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Dpto. Riego. Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura (CSIC) and Unidad Asociada al CSIC de Horticultura, Sostenible en Zonas Áridas (UPCT-CEBAS), P.O. Box 164, E-30100, Espinardo (Murcia), Spain

    M. Fernanda Ortuño, Wenceslao Conejero, M. Carmen Ruiz-Sánchez, Juan José Alarcón & Arturo Torrecillas

  2. Dpto. Ingeniería Agrícola, Universidad Centro Occidental Lisandro Alvarado (UCLA), Barquisimeto, Venezuela

    Yelitza García-Orellana

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  1. M. Fernanda Ortuño
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  2. Yelitza García-Orellana
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  3. Wenceslao Conejero
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  4. M. Carmen Ruiz-Sánchez
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  5. Juan José Alarcón
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  6. Arturo Torrecillas
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Correspondence to Arturo Torrecillas.

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Ortuño, M.F., García-Orellana, Y., Conejero, W. et al. Stem and leaf water potentials, gas exchange, sap flow, and trunk diameter fluctuations for detecting water stress in lemon trees. Trees 20, 1–8 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-005-0004-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00468-005-0004-8

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