Abstract
End-stage kidney disease (ESKD), one of the most prevalent diseases in the world and with increasing incidence, is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Current available modes of renal replacement therapy (RRT) include dialysis and renal transplantation. Though renal transplantation is the preferred and ideal mode of RRT, this modality may not be available to all patients with ESKD. Moreover, renal transplant recipients are constantly at risk of complications associated with immunosuppression and immunosuppressant use, and posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder. Dialysis may be the only available modality in certain patients. However, dialysis has its limitations, which include issues associated with lack of vascular access, risks of infections and vascular thrombosis, decreased quality of life, and absence of biosynthetic functions of the kidney. In particular, the creation and maintenance of hemodialysis vascular access in children poses a unique set of challenges to the pediatric nephrologist owing to the smaller vessel diameters and vascular hyperreactivity compared with adult patients. Vascular access issues continue to be one of the major limiting factors prohibiting the delivery of adequate dialysis in ESKD patients and is the Achilles’ heel of hemodialysis. This review aims to provide a critical overview of disruptive technological advances and innovations for vascular access. Novel strategies in preventing neointimal hyperplasia, novel bioengineered products, grafts and devices for vascular access will be discussed. The potential impact of these solutions on improving the morbidity encountered by dialysis patients will also be examined.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Couser WG, Remuzzi G, Mendis S, Tonelli M (2011) The contribution of chronic kidney disease to the global burden of major noncommunicable diseases. Kidney Int 80:1258–1270
The Lancet (2013) The global issue of kidney disease. Lancet 382:101
Zaritsky JJ, Salusky IB, Gales B, Ramos G, Atkinson J, Allestead A, Brandt ML, Goldstein SL (2008) Vascular access complications in long-term pediatric hemodialysis patients. Pediatr Nephrol 23:2061–2065
Hayes WN, Watson AR, Callaghan N, Wright E, Stefanidis CJ, European Pediatric Dialysis Working Group (2012) Vascular access: choice and complications in European paediatric haemodialysis units. Pediatr Nephrol 27:999–1004
Schaefer F, Feneberg R, Aksu N, Donmez O, Sadikoglu B, Alexander SR, Mir S, Ha IS, Fischbach M, Simkova E, Watson AR, Moller K, von Baum H, Warady BA (2007) Worldwide variation of dialysis-associated peritonitis in children. Kidney Int 72:1374–1379
Sethna CB, Bryant K, Munshi R, Warady BA, Richardson T, Lawlor J, Newland JG, Neu A, SCOPE Investigators (2016) Risk factors for and outcomes of catheter-associated peritonitis in children: the SCOPE collaborative. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 11:1590–1596
Wartman SM, Rosen D, Woo K, Gradman WS, Weaver FA, Rowe V (2014) Outcomes with arteriovenous fistulas in a pediatric population. J Vasc Surg 60:170–174
Regus S, Almási-Sperling V, Lang W (2016) Pediatric patients undergoing arteriovenous fistula surgery without intraoperative heparin. J Vasc Access 17:494–498
Goldstein SL, Graham N, Burwinkle T, Warady B, Farrah R, Varni JW (2006) Health-related quality of life in pediatric patients with ESRD. Pediatr Nephrol 21:846–850
Kostoff RN, Boylan R, Simons GR (2004) Disruptive technology roadmaps. Technol Forecast Soc Chang 71:141–159
Yu D, Hang CC (2011) Creating technology candidates for disruptive innovation: generally applicable R&D strategies. Technovation 31:401–410
Kolff WJ, Berk HTJ (1943) De kunstmatige nier; een dialysator met groot oppervlak. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 87:1684
Broers H (2006) Inventor for life, the story of W. J. Kolff, father of artificial organs. B&V media, Kampen
Kolff W (1946) De kunstmatige nier. Kok, Kampen
Vienken J (2009) ‘Bioengineering for life’: a tribute to Willem Johan Kolff. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24:2299–2301
Schwab SJ (2007) Hemodialysis vascular access: the Achilles’ heel remains. Kidney Int 72:665–666
Akoh JA, Hakim NS (1999) Preserving function and long-term patency of dialysis access. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 81:339–342
Valliant A, McComb K (2015) Vascular access monitoring and surveillance: an update. Adv Chronic Kidney Dis 22:446–452
Allon M (2004) Dialysis catheter-related bacteremia: treatment and prophylaxis. Am J Kidney Dis 44:779–791
Allon M, Robbin ML (2002) Increasing arteriovenous fistulas in hemodialysis patients: problems and solutions. Kidney Int 62:1109–1124
Lok CE (2007) Fistula first initiative: advantages and pitfalls. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2:1043–1053
Pisoni RL, Young EW, Dykstra DM, Greenwood RN, Hecking E, Gillespie B, Wolfe RA, Goodkin DA, Held PJ (2002) Vascular access use in Europe and the United States: results from the DOPPS. Kidney Int 61:305–316
Bradbury BD, Chen F, Furniss A, Pisoni RL, Keen M, Mapes D, Krishnan M (2009) Conversion of vascular access type among incident hemodialysis patients: description and association with mortality. Am J Kidney Dis 53:804–814
Lacson E Jr, Wang W, Lazarus JM, Hakim RM (2009) Change in vascular access and mortality in maintenance hemodialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 54:912–921
Vassalotti JA, Jennings WC, Beathard GA, Neumann M, Caponi S, Fox CH, Spergel LM, Fistula First Breakthrough Initiative Community Education Committee (2012) Fistula first breakthrough initiative: targeting catheter last in fistula first. Semin Dial 25:303–310
Dixon BS (2006) Why don’t fistulas mature? Kidney Int 70:1413–1422
Schwab SJ, Harrington JT, Singh A, Roher R, Shohaib SA, Perrone RD, Meyer K, Beasley D (1999) Vascular access for hemodialysis. Kidney Int 55:2078–2090
Feldman HI, Joffe M, Rosas SE, Burns JE, Knauss J, Brayman K (2003) Predictors of successful arteriovenous fistula maturation. Am J Kidney Dis 42:1000–1012
Lacson E Jr, Lazarus JM, Himmelfarb J, Ikizler TA, Hakim RM (2007) Balancing fistula first with catheters last. Am J Kidney Dis 50:379–395
Huijbregts HJ, Bots ML, Wittens CH, Schrama YC, Moll FL, Blankestijn PJ; CIMINO study group (2008) Hemodialysis arteriovenous fistula patency revisited: results of a prospective, multicenter initiative. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 3:714-719
Maya ID, Allon M (2005) Outcomes of tunneled femoral hemodialysis catheters: comparison with internal jugular vein catheters. Kidney Int 68:2886–2889
Huber TS, Carter JW, Carter RL, Seeger JM (2003) Patency of autogenous and polytetrafluoroethylene upper extremity arteriovenous hemodialysis accesses: a systematic review. J Vasc Surg 38:1005–1011
Roy-Chaudhury P, Sukhatme VP, Cheung AK (2006) Hemodialysis vascular access dysfunction: a cellular and molecular viewpoint. J Am Soc Nephrol 17:1112–1127
Dixon BS, Beck GJ, Vazquez MA, Greenberg A, Delmez JA, Allon M, Dember LM, Himmelfarb J, Gassman JJ, Greene T, Radeva MK, Davidson IJ, Ikizler TA, Braden GL, Fenves AZ, Kaufman JS, Cotton JR Jr, Martin KJ, JW MN, Rahman A, Lawson JH, Whiting JF, Hu B, Meyers CM, Kusek JW, Feldman HI, DAC Study Group (2009) Effect of dipyridamole plus aspirin on hemodialysis graft patency. N Engl J Med 360:2191–2201
Lok CE, Sontrop JM, Tomlinson G, Rajan D, Cattral M, Oreopoulos G, Harris J, Moist L (2013) Cumulative patency of contemporary fistulas versus grafts (2000-2010). Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 8:810–818
CDC (2011) Vital signs: central line-associated blood stream infections—United States, 2001, 2008, and 2009. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep (MMWR) 60:243–248
Tokars JI, Miller ER, Stein G (2002) New national surveillance system for hemodialysis-associated infections: initial results. Am J Infect Control 30:288–295
Ishani A, Collins AJ, Herzog CA, Foley RN (2005) Septicemia, access and cardiovascular disease in dialysis patients: the USRDS wave 2 study. Kidney Int 68:311–318
Agarwal AK, Patel BM, Haddad NJ (2007) Central vein stenosis: a nephrologist’s perspective. Semin Dial 20:53–62
Lee T, Barker J, Allon M (2005) Tunneled catheters in hemodialysis patients: reasons and subsequent outcomes. Am J Kidney Dis 46:501–508
MacRae JM, Ahmed A, Johnson N, Levin A, Kiaii M (2005) Central vein stenosis: a common problem in patients on hemodialysis. ASAIO J 51:77–81
Roy-Chaudhury P, Lee TC (2007) Vascular stenosis: biology and interventions. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 16:516–522
Diskin CJ, Stokes TJ, Dansby LM, Radcliff L, Carter TB (2008) Understanding the pathophysiology of hemodialysis access problems as a prelude to developing innovative therapies. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol 4:628–638
Franano FN, Hance KA, Henry C, Bland K, Burke S (2007) PRT-201 dilates outflow veins and improves maturation rates in a rabbit model of AVF. Nephrol Dial Transplant 22:vi155–vi156
Amabile PG, Wong H, Uy M, Boroumand S, Elkins CJ, Yuksel E, Waugh JM, Dake MD (2002) In vivo vascular engineering of vein grafts: directed migration of smooth muscle cells by perivascular release of elastase limits neointimal proliferation. J Vasc Interv Radiol 13:709–715
Wong AH, Waugh JM, Amabile PG, Yuksel E, Dake MD (2002) In vivo vascular engineering: directed migration of smooth muscle cells to limit neointima. Tissue Eng 8:189–199
Dwivedi AJ, Roy-Chaudhury P, Peden EK, Browne BJ, Ladenheim ED, Scavo VA, Gustafson PN, Wong MD, Magill M, Lindow F, Blair AT, Jaff MR, Franano FN, Burke SK (2014) Application of human type I pancreatic elastase (PRT-201) to the venous anastomosis of arteriovenous grafts in patients with chronic kidney disease. J Vasc Access 15:376–384
Paulson WD, Kipshidze N, Kipiani K, Beridze N, DeVita MV, Shenoy S, Iyer SS (2012) Safety and efficacy of local periadventitial delivery of sirolimus for improving hemodialysis graft patency: first human experience with a sirolimus-eluting collagen membrane (Coll-R). Nephrol Dial Transplant 27:1219–1224
Morice MC, Serruys PW, Barragan P, Bode C, Van Es GA, Stoll HP, Snead D, Mauri L, Cutlip DE, Sousa E (2007) Long-term clinical outcomes with sirolimus-eluting coronary stents: five-year results of the RAVEL trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 50:1299–1304
Weisz G, Leon MB, Holmes DR Jr, Kereiakes DJ, Popma JJ, Teirstein PS, Cohen SA, Wang H, Cutlip DE, Moses JW (2009) Five-year follow-up after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation results of the SIRIUS (Sirolimus-eluting stent in de-novo native coronary lesions) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 53:1488–1497
Heldman AW, Cheng L, Jenkins GM, Heller PF, Kim DW, Ware M Jr, Nater C, Hruban RH, Rezai B, Abella BS, Bunge KE, Kinsella JL, Sollott SJ, Lakatta EG, Brinker JA, Hunter WL, Froehlich JP (2001) Paclitaxel stent coating inhibits neointimal hyperplasia at 4 weeks in a porcine model of coronary restenosis. Circulation 103:2289–2295
Hong MK, Mintz GS, Lee CW, Song JM, Han KH, Kang DH, Song JK, Kim JJ, Weissman NJ, Fearnot NE, Park SW, Park SJ, ASian Paclitaxel-Eluting Stent Clinical Trial (2003) Paclitaxel coating reduces in-stent intimal hyperplasia in human coronary arteries: a serial volumetric intravascular ultrasound analysis from the Asian Paclitaxel-eluting stent clinical trial (ASPECT). Circulation 107(4):517–520
Jeroudi OM, Abdel-Karim AR, Michael TT, Lichtenwalter C, de Lemos JA, Obel O, Addo T, Roesle M, Haagen D, Rangan BV, Raghunathan D, DaSilva M, Saeed B, Bissett JK, Sachdeva R, Voudris VV, Karyofillis P, Kar B, Rossen J, Fasseas P, Berger P, Banerjee S, Brilakis ES (2011) Paclitaxel-eluting stents reduce neointimal hyperplasia compared to bare metal stents in saphenous vein grafts: intravascular ultrasonography analysis of the SOS (stenting of Saphenous vein grafts) trial. Euro Intervention 7:948–954
Lee CH, Yu CY, Chang SH, Hung KC, Liu SJ, Wang CJ, Hsu MY, Hsieh IC, Chen WJ, Ko YS, Wen MS (2014) Promoting endothelial recovery and reducing neointimal hyperplasia using sequential-like release of acetylsalicylic acid and paclitaxel-loaded biodegradable stents. Int J Nanomedicine 9:4117–4133
Katsanos K, Karnabatidis D, Kitrou P, Spiliopoulos S, Christeas N, Siablis D (2012) Paclitaxel-coated balloon angioplasty vs. plain balloon dilation for the treatment of failing dialysis access: 6-month interim results from a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Endovasc Ther 19:263–272
Kitrou PM, Spiliopoulos S, Katsanos K, Papachristou E, Siablis D, Karnabatidis D (2015) Paclitaxel-coated versus plain balloon angioplasty for dysfunctional arteriovenous fistulae: one-year results of a prospective randomized controlled trial. J Vasc Interv Radiol 26:348–354
Karunanithy N, Mesa IR, Dorling A, Calder F, Katsanos K, Semik V, Robinson E, Peacock J, Das N, Forman C, Lawman S, Steiner K, Wilkins CJ, Robson MG (2016) Paclitaxel-coated balloon fistuloplasty versus plain balloon fistuloplasty only to preserve the patency of arteriovenous fistulae used for haemodialysis (PAVE): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial. Trials 17:241
Zilla P, Deutsch M, Meinhart J, Puschmann R, Eberl T, Minar E, Dudczak R, Lugmaier H, Schmidt P, Noszian I, Fischlein T (1994) Clinical in vitro endothelialization of femoropopliteal bypass grafts: an actuarial follow-up over three years. J Vasc Surg 19:540–548
Wilson JM, Birinyi LK, Salomon RN, Libby P, Callow AD, Mulligan RC (1989) Implantation of vascular grafts lined with genetically modified endothelial cells. Science 244:1344–1346
Nathan A, Nugent MA, Edelman ER (1995) Tissue engineered perivascular endothelial cell implants regulate vascular injury. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 92:8130–8134
Nugent HM, Rogers C, Edelman ER (1999) Endothelial implants inhibit intimal hyperplasia after porcine angioplasty. Circ Res 84:384–391
Nugent HM, Sjin RT, White D, Milton LG, Manson RJ, Lawson JH, Edelman ER (2007) Adventitial endothelial implants reduce matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression and increase luminal diameter in porcine arteriovenous grafts. J Vasc Surg 46:548–556
Hughes D, Fu AA, Puggioni A, Glockner JF, Anwer B, McGuire AM, Mukhopadhyay D, Misra S (2009) Adventitial transplantation of blood outgrowth endothelial cells in porcine haemodialysis grafts alleviates hypoxia and decreases neointimal proliferation through a matrix metalloproteinase-9-mediated pathway--a pilot study. Nephrol Dial Transplant 24:85–96
Conte MS, Nugent HM, Gaccione P, Guleria I, Roy-Chaudhury P, Lawson JH (2009) Multicenter phase I/II trial of the safety of allogeneic endothelial cell implants after the creation of arteriovenous access for hemodialysis use: the V-HEALTH study. J Vasc Surg 50:1359–1368
Conte MS, Nugent HM, Gaccione P, Roy-Chaudhury P, Lawson JH (2011) Influence of diabetes and perivascular allogeneic endothelial cell implants on arteriovenous fistula remodeling. J Vasc Surg 54:1383–1389
L’Heureux N, Dusserre N, Konig G, Victor B, Keire P, Wight TN, Chronos NA, Kyles AE, Gregory CR, Hoyt G, Robbins RC, McAllister TN (2006) Human tissue-engineered blood vessels for adult arterial revascularization. Nat Med 12:361–365
L’Heureux N, Dusserre N, Marini A, Garrido S, de la Fuente L, McAllister T (2007) Technology insight: the evolution of tissue-engineered vascular grafts--from research to clinical practice. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med 4:389–395
McAllister TN, Dusserre N, Maruszewski M, L’heureux N (2008) Cell-based therapeutics from an economic perspective: primed for a commercial success or a research sinkhole? Regen Med 3:925–937
Konig G, McAllister TN, Dusserre N, Garrido SA, Iyican C, Marini A, Fiorillo A, Avila H, Wystrychowski W, Zagalski K, Maruszewski M, Jones AL, Cierpka L, de la Fuente LM, L’Heureux N (2009) Mechanical properties of completely autologous human tissue engineered blood vessels compared to human saphenous vein and mammary artery. Biomaterials 30:1542–1550
McAllister TN, Maruszewski M, Garrido SA, Wystrychowski W, Dusserre N, Marini A, Zagalski K, Fiorillo A, Avila H, Manglano X, Antonelli J, Kocher A, Zembala M, Cierpka L, de la Fuente LM, L’heureux N (2009) Effectiveness of haemodialysis access with an autologous tissue-engineered vascular graft: a multicentre cohort study. Lancet 373:1440–1446
McAllister T (2010) The evolution of tissue engineered vascular grafts: from research to clinical practice. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc 2010:3589
Peck MK, Dusserre N, Zagalski K, Garrido SA, Wystrychowski W, Glickman MH, Chronos NA, Cierpka L, L’Heureux N, McAllister TN (2011) New biological solutions for hemodialysis access. J Vasc Access 12:185–192
Peck M, Gebhart D, Dusserre N, McAllister TN, L’Heureux N (2012) The evolution of vascular tissue engineering and current state of the art. Cells Tissues Organs 195:144–158
McAllister TN, Audley D, L’Heureux N (2012) Autologous cell therapies: challenges in US FDA regulation. Regen Med 7(6 Suppl):94–97
Wystrychowski W, McAllister TN, Zagalski K, Dusserre N, Cierpka L, L’Heureux N (2014) First human use of an allogeneic tissue-engineered vascular graft for hemodialysis access. J Vasc Surg 60:1353–1357
L’Heureux N, Letourneur D (2015) Clinical translation of tissue-engineered constructs for severe leg injuries. Ann Transl Med 3:134
Dahl SL, Rhim C, Song YC, Niklason LE (2007) Mechanical properties and compositions of tissue engineered and native arteries. Ann Biomed Eng 35:348–355
Dahl SL, Vaughn ME, Niklason LE (2007) An ultrastructural analysis of collagen in tissue engineered arteries. Ann Biomed Eng 35:1749–1755
Dahl SL, Vaughn ME, Hu JJ, Driessen NJ, Baaijens FP, Humphrey JD, Niklason LE (2008) A microstructurally motivated model of the mechanical behavior of tissue engineered blood vessels. Ann Biomed Eng 36:1782–1792
Dahl SL, Kypson AP, Lawson JH, Blum JL, Strader JT, Li Y, Manson RJ, Tente WE, DiBernardo L, Hensley MT, Carter R, Williams TP, Prichard HL, Dey MS, Begelman KG, Niklason LE (2011) Readily available tissue-engineered vascular grafts. Sci Transl med 3:68ra9
Prichard HL, Manson RJ, DiBernardo L, Niklason LE, Lawson JH, Dahl SL (2011) An early study on the mechanisms that allow tissue-engineered vascular grafts to resist intimal hyperplasia. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 4:674–682
Dahl SL, Blum JL, Niklason LE (2011) Bioengineered vascular grafts: can we make them off-the-shelf? Trends Cardiovasc Med 21:83–89
Lawson JH, Glickman MH, Ilzecki M, Jakimowicz T, Jaroszynski A, Peden EK, Pilgrim AJ, Prichard HL, Guziewicz M, Przywara S, Szmidt J, Turek J, Witkiewicz W, Zapotoczny N, Zubilewicz T, Niklason LE (2016) Bioengineered human acellular vessels for dialysis access in patients with end-stage renal disease: two phase 2 single-arm trials. Lancet 387:2026–2034
L’Heureux N, McAllister TN, de la Fuente LM (2007) Tissue-engineered blood vessel for adult arterial revascularization. N Engl J Med 357:1451–1453
National Kidney Foundation (2002) K/DOQI clinical practice guidelines for chronic kidney disease: evaluation, classification, and stratification. Am J Kidney Dis 39(2 Suppl 1):S1–S266
Hansbrough JF, Mozingo DW, Kealey GP, Davis M, Gidner A, Gentzkow GD (1997) Clinical trials of a biosynthetic temporary skin replacement, Dermagraft-transitional covering, compared with cryopreserved human cadaver skin for temporary coverage of excised burn wounds. J Burn Care Res 18:43–51
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests or conflict of interest.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Yeo, WS., Ng, Q.X. Disruptive technological advances in vascular access for dialysis: an overview. Pediatr Nephrol 33, 2221–2226 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-017-3853-7
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-017-3853-7