Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, phosphate, citrate, oxalate, and uric acid by healthy schoolchildren using a 12-h collection protocol

  • Original Article
  • Published:
Pediatric Nephrology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Background

Improving knowledge about normal urine composition in children is important for early prevention of lithiasis. We describe urinary excretion values of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), phosphate (P), citrate (Cit), uric acid (Ur), and oxalate (Ox) in healthy children with and without a family history of lithiasis, using a 12-h urine collection protocol.

Methods

Urine samples were obtained from 184 children (5−12 years): a spot sample collected in the afternoon, and a 12-h overnight sample. Solute/creatinine (Cr) and 12-h solute excretion was calculated.

Results

Urinary excretion values of the studied solutes are presented as percentile values, separately for each type of sample. Due to age-related differences in the solute/creatinine ratios, except for Ca and Cit, results are described according to the child’s age. The presence of excretion values related to an increased risk of lithiasis was more common in children with a family history.

Conclusions

We report data from urine samples collected by using a simplified collection protocol. The observed differences between children with and without a family history of lithiasis could justify that in population studies aimed at setting reference values, the former are excluded.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Ramello A, Vitale C, Marangella M (2000) Epidemiology of nephrolithiasis. J Nephrol 13:S65–S70

    Google Scholar 

  2. Brikowski TH, Lotan Y, Pearle MS (2008) Climate-related increase in the prevalence of urolithiasis in the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 105:9841–9844

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  3. Van Dervoort K, Wiesen J, Frank R, Vento S, Crosby V, Chandra M, Trachtman H (2007) Urolithiasis in pediatric patients: a single center study of incidence, clinical presentation and outcome. J Urol 177:2300–2305

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Vant Hoff W (2004) Aetiological factors in Paediatric Urilithiasis. Nephron Clin Pract 98:c45–c48

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Spivacow F, Negri A, Del Valle E, Calviño I, Fradinger E, Zanchetta JR (2008) Metabolic risk factors in children with kidney stone disease. Pediatr Nephrol 23:1129–1133

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  6. Alpay H, Ozen A, Gorkee I, Biyikli N (2009) Clinical and metabolic features of urolithiasis and microlithiasis in children. Pediatr Nephrol 24:2203–2209

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Erbagci A, Erbagci AB, Yilmaz M, Yagci F, Tarakcioglu M, Yurtseven C, Koyluoglu O, Sarica K (2003) Pediatric urolithiasis-evaluation of risk factors in 95 children. Scand J Urol Nephrol 37:129–133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  8. Butani L, Kalia A (2004) Idiopatic hypercalciuria in children – how valid are the existing diagnostic criteria? Pediatr Nephrol 19:577–582

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Sáez-Torres C, Grases F, Rodrigo D, García-Raja AM, Gómez C, Frontera G (2013) Risk factors for urinary stones in healthy schoolchildren with and without a family history of nephrolithiasis. Pediatr Nephrol 28:639–645

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  10. Srivastava T, Winston MJ, Auron A, Alon US (2009) Urine calcium/citrate ratio in children with hypercalciuric stones. Pediatr Res 66:85–90

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Remer T, Neubert A, Maser-Gluth C (2002) Anthropometry-based reference values for 24 h urinary creatinine excretion during growth and their use in endocrine and nutritional research. Am J Clin Nutr 75:561–569

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  12. Dogan H, Tekgul S (2007) Management of Pediatric stone disease. Curr Urol Rep 8:163–173

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  13. Hoppe B, Kemper M (2010) Diagnostic examination of the child with urolithiasis or nephrocalcinosis. Pediatr Nephrol 25:403–13

    Article  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Koyun M, Gür Güven A, Filiz S, Akman S, Akbas H, Baysal YE, Dedeoglu N (2007) Screening for hypercalciuria in scoolchildren: what should be the criteria for diagnosis? Pediatr Nephrol 22:1297–1301

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. NCCLS. How to Define and Determine Reference Intervals in the Clinical Laboratory; Approved Guideline—Second Edition. NCCLS document C28–A2 [ISBN 1-56238-406-6]. NCCLS, 940 West Valley Road, Suite 1400, Wayne, Pennsylvania 19087–1898, USA 2000

  16. Carrascosa A, Fernández JM, Fernández C, Ferrández A, López-Siguero JP, Sánchez E, Sobradillo B, Yeste D (2008) Spanish growth studies 2008. New anthropometric standards. Endocrinol Nutr 55:484–506

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  17. Ghazali S, Barratt TM (1974) Urinary excretion of calcium and magnesium in children. Arch Dis Child 49:97–101

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  18. Matos V, Van Melle G, Boulat O, Markert M, Bachmann C, Guignard JP (1997) Urinary phosphate/creatinine, calcium/creatinine, and magnesium/creatinine ratios in a healthy pediatric population. J Pediatr 131:252–257

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  19. De Foor WR, Jackson E, Minevich E, Caillat A, Reddy P, Sheldon C, Asplin J (2010) The risk of recurrent urolithiasis in children is dependent on urinary calcium and citrate. Urology 76:242–245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Alconcher LF, Castro C, Quintana D, Abt N, Moran L, Gonzalez L, Cella M, Torelli M (1997) Urinary calcium excretion in healthy school children. Pediatr Nephrol 11:186–188

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Polito C, La Manna A, Nappi B, Villani J, Di Toro R (2000) Idiopathic hypercalciuria and hyperuricosuria: family prevalence of nephrolithiasis. Pediatr Nephrol 14:1102–1104

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Bak M, Ural R, Agin H, Serdaroglu E, Calkavur S (2009) The metabolic etiology of urolithiasis in Turkish children. Int Urol Nephrol 41:453–460

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Polito C, La Manna A, Signoriello G, Lama G (2008) Differing urinary urea excretion among children with idiopathic hypercalciuria and/or hyperuricosuria. J Pediatr Urol 4:55–59

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  24. Mj F, Karnauskas AJ, Parks JH, Coe FL (2004) Peripheral blood monocyte vitamin D receptor levels are elevated in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 89:4937–4943

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Srivastava T, Alon US (2007) Pathophysiology of hypercalciuria in children. Pediatr Nephrol 22:1659–1673

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  26. Stapleton FB (1990) Idiopatic hypercalciuria: Association with isolated hematuria and risk for urolithiasis in children. Kidney Int 37:807–811

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  27. Alon US, Berembom A (2000) Idiopatic hypercalciuria of childhood: 4-to-11-year outcome. Pediatr Nephrol 14:1011–1015

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  28. González EP, Santos F, Coto E (2009) Magnesium homeostasis. Etiopathogeny, clinical diagnosis and treatment of hypomagnesaemia. A case study. Nefrologia 29:518–524

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  29. Hernández R, Nuñez F, Martínez C, Fons J, Peris A, Brines J (1988) Urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, uric acid and oxalic acid in normal children. An Esp Pediatr 29:99–104

    Google Scholar 

  30. Vázquez Martul M, Baeza J, Vila S, Arnáiz P, Miguel V, Agostino A, Ecija JL (1995) Eliminación urinaria de citrato, magnesio y oxalato en niños normales. Indices urinarios litogénicos. Nefrología 15:550–558

    Google Scholar 

  31. De Santo N, Di Lorio B, Capasso G, Paduano C, Stamler R, Langman C, Stamler J (1992) Population based data on urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, oxalate, phosphate and uric acid in children from Cimitile (southern Italy). Pediatr Nephrol 6:149–157

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  32. Touitou I, Auzéby A, Camus F, Djeridane Y (2010) Twenty-four-hour profiles of urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, urea, and creatinine in healthy prepubertal boys. Clin Biochem 43:102–105

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  33. De Santo NG, DiIorio B, Capasso G, Capodicasa G, Giordano DR, Aulisio M, Paduano C, Stamler J (1988) Circadian rhythm with acrophase at night for urinary excretion of calcium and magnesium in childhood: population-based data of the Cimitile study in southern Italy. Miner Electrolyte Metab 14:235–259

    Google Scholar 

  34. Safarinejad MR (2003) Urinary mineral excretion in healthy Iranian children. Pediatr Nephrol 18:140–144

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  35. Chen Y, Lee A, Chen C, Chesney RW, Stapleton FB (1994) Urinary mineral excretion among normal Taiwanese children. Pediatr Nephrol 8:36–39

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  36. Kruse K, Kratch U, Kruse U (1984) Reference values for urinary calcium excretion and screening for hypercalciuria in children and adolescents. Eur J Pediatr 143:25–31

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  37. Leumann E, Dietl A, Matasovic A (1990) Urinary oxalate and glycolate excretion in healthy infants and children. Pediatr Nephrol 4:493–497

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  38. Grases F, García-Ferragut L, Costa-Bauzá A, Conte A, García-Raja A (1997) Simple test to evaluate the risk of urinary calcium stone formation. Clin Chim Act 263:43–55

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  39. Stapleton BF (2002) Childhood stones. Endocrinol Metab Clin N Am 31:1001–1015

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  40. Hoppe B, Leuman E (2004) Diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in hyperoxaluria: a plea for early intervention. Nephrol Dial Transplant 19:39–42

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University Institute of Health Sciences Research (IUNICS), University of Balearic Islands, Carretera de Valldemossa km 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain

    Concepción Sáez-Torres & Félix Grases

  2. Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Son Espases University Hospital, 07010, Palma de Mallorca, Spain

    Dolores Rodrigo & Javier Lumbreras

  3. Laboratory Department, Son Espases University Hospital, 07010, Palma de Mallorca, Spain

    Ana M. García-Raja & Cristina Gómez

  4. Research Unit, Son Espases University Hospital, 07010, Palma de Mallorca, Spain

    Guiem Frontera

Authors
  1. Concepción Sáez-Torres
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dolores Rodrigo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Félix Grases
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Ana M. García-Raja
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Cristina Gómez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Javier Lumbreras
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Guiem Frontera
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Concepción Sáez-Torres.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Sáez-Torres, C., Rodrigo, D., Grases, F. et al. Urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, phosphate, citrate, oxalate, and uric acid by healthy schoolchildren using a 12-h collection protocol. Pediatr Nephrol 29, 1201–1208 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-014-2755-1

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00467-014-2755-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation