Abstract
A general multiscale theory for modeling heterogeneous materials is derived via a nested domain based virtual power decomposition. Three variations on the theory are proposed; a concurrent approach, a simplified hierarchical approach and a statistical power equivalence approach. Deformation at each scale of analysis is solved either (a) by direct numerical simulation (DNS) of the microstructure or (b) by higher order homogenization of the microstructure. If the latter approach is chosen, a set of multiscale homogenized constitutive relations must be derived. This is demonstrated using a computational cell modeling technique for a four scale metal alloy. In each variation of the theory, a transfer of information occurs between the scales giving a coupled formulation. The concurrent approach achieves a more comprehensive coupling than the hierarchical approach, making it more accurate for dynamic fast time scale simulations. The power equivalence approach is strongly coupled and is useful for performing larger scale simulations as the expensive multiple scale DNS boundary value problems are replaced with statistical higher order continua. Furthermore, these continua may be solved on a single spatial discretisation using an extended finite element framework, making the theory applicable within existing high performance computing codes.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Lee JH, Shishidou T, Zhao YJ, Freeman AJ and Olson GB (2005). Strong interface adhesion in Fe/TiC. Philos Magaz 85(31): 3683–3697
Beredsen HJC, Postma JPM, DiNola A and Haak JR (1984). Molecular dynamics with coupling to an external bath. J Chem Phys 81: 3684–3690
Haile JM (1992). Molecular omulation. Wiley, New York
Liu WK, Karpov EG and Park HS (2005). Nano-mechanics and materials: theory, multiscale methods and applications. Wiley, New York
Allen MP and Tildesley DJ (1987). Computer simulation of liquids. Oxford University Press, New York
Hoover WG (1986). Molecular dynamics. Springer, Berlin
Rapaport DC (1995). The art of molecular dynamics simulation. Cambridge University Press, New York
Abraham FF and Gao H (2000). How fast can cracks propagate?. Phys Rev Lett 84(14): 3113–3116
Hao S, Liu WK and Chang CT (2000). Computer implementation of damage models by finite element and meshfree methods. Computat Methods Appl Mech Eng 187: 401–440
Biner SB and Morris JR (2003). The effects of grain size and dislocation source density on the strengthening behaviour of polycrystals: a two-dimensional discrete dislocation simulation. Philos Magaz 83: 3677–3690
Liu WK, Jun S, Qian D (2005) Computational nanomechanics of materials. In: Rieth M, Schommers W (eds) Handbook of theoretical and computational nanotechnology, vol X. American Scientific, Stevension Ranch. (in press)
Christopher D, Smith R and Richter A (2001). Atomistic modelling of nanoindentation in iron and silver. Nanotechnology 12: 372–383
Lilleodden ET, Zimmerman JA, Foiles SM and Nix WD (2003). Atomistic simulations of elastic deformation and dislocation nucleation during nanoindentation. J Mech Phys Solids 51: 901–920
Zhou SJ, Beazley DM, Lomdahl PS and Holian BL (1997). Large scale molecular dynamics simulations of three-dimensional ductile failure. Phys Rev Lett 78: 479–482
Zhang S, Mielke SL, Khare R, Troya D, Ruoff RS, Schatz GC and Belytschko T (2005). Mechanics of defects in carbon nanotubes: atomistic and multiscale simulations. Phys Rev B 71: 115403
Arroyo M and Belytschko T (2002). An atomistic-based finite deformation membrane for single layer crystalline films. J Mech Phys Solids 50: 1941–1977
Belytschko T, Xiao SP, Schatz GC and Ruoff RS (2002). Atomistic simulations of nanotube fracture. Phys Rev B 65: 235430
Mura T (1991). Micromechanics of defects in solids, 2nd edn. Kluwer, Dordrecht
Nemat-Nasser S and Hori M (1999). Micromechanics: overall properties of heterogeneous materials. North-Holland, Amsterdam
Alber I, Bassani JL, Khantha M, Vitek V and Wang GJ (1992). Grain boundaries as heterogeneous systems: Atomic and continuum elastic properties. Philos Trans Phys Sci Eng 339: 555–586
Hao S, Liu WK and Chang CT (2000). Computer implementation of damage models by finite element and meshfree methods. Computat Methods Appl Mech Eng 187: 401–440
Hao S, Liu WK, Moran B, Vernerey F and Olson GB (2004). Multiscale constitutive model and computational framework for the design of ultrahigh strength, high toughness steels. Computat Methods Appl Mech Eng 193: 1865–1908
Hao S, Moran B, Liu WK and Olson GB (2003). A hierarchical multiphysics constitutive model for steels design. J Comput-Aided Mater Des 10: 99–142
McVeigh C and Liu WK (2006). Prediction of central bursting during axisymmetric cold extrusion of a metal alloy containing particles. Int J Solids Struct 43(10): 3087–3105
Belytschko T, Fish J and Engelman BE (1988). A finite element with embedded localization zones. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 70: 59–89
Belytschko T and Tabbara M (1993). h-adaptive finite element methods for dynamic problems, with emphasis on localization. Int J Numer Methods Eng 36: 4245–4265
Nemat-Nasser S (2004). Plasticity: a treatise on the finite deformation of heterogeneous inelastic materials. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Abraham FF, Broughton JQ, Bernstein N and Kaxiras E (1998). Spanning the length scales in dynamic simulation. Comput Phys 12: 538–546
Abraham FF, Broughton JQ, Bernstein N and Kaxiras E (1998). Spanning the continuum to quantum length scales in a dynamic simulation of brittle fracture. Europhys Lett 44: 783–787
Abraham FF, Broughton JQ, Bernstein N and Kaxiras E (1999). Concurrent coupling of length scales: methodology and application. Phys Rev B 60: 2391–2402
Adelman SA and Doll JD (1974). Generalized Langevin equation approach for atom/solid-surface scattering—collinear atom/harmonic chain model. J Chem Phys 61: 4242–4245
Broughton JQ, Abraham FF, Bernstein N and Kaxiras E (1999). Concurrent coupling of length scales: methodology and application. Phys Rev B 60: 2391–2402
Cai W, de Koning M, Bulatov VV and Yip S (2000). Minimizing boundary reflections in coupled domain simulations. Phys Rev Lett 85: 3213–3216
Curtin WA and Miller RE (2003). Atomistic/continuum coupling in computational materials science. Model Simulation Mater Sci Eng 11: R33–R68
Weinan E and Huang Z (2001). Matching conditions in atomistic-continuum modeling materials. Phys Rev Lett 87: 135501
Weinan E and Huang Z (2002). A dynamic atomistic-continuum method for the simulation of crystalline materials. J Comput Phys 182: 234–260
W E, Engquist B, Huang Z (2003) Heterogeneous multiscale method: A general methodology for multiscale modelling.Physical Review B, 67:092101
Fish J and Wen J (2004). Discrete-to-continuum bridging based on multigrid principles. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 193: 1693–1711
Kadowaki H and Liu WK (2004). Bridging multi-scale method for localization problems. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 193: 3267–3302
Kadowaki H and Liu WK (2005). A multiscale approach for the micropolar continuum model. Comput Model Eng Sci 7: 269–282
Karpov EG, Wagner GJ and Liu WK (2005). A Green’s function approach to deriving non-reflecting boundary conditions in molecular dynamics simulations. Int J Numer Methods Eng 62: 1250–1262
Knap J and Ortiz M (2001). An analysis of the quasicontinuum method. J Phys Mech Solids 49: 1899–1923
Lu G, Kaxiras E (2005) Overview of multiscale simulations of materials. In: Rieth M, Schommers W (eds) Handbook of Theoretical and Computational Nanotechnology, vol X. American Scientific, Stevension Ranch, pp 1–33
Park HS, Karpov EG, Klein PA and Liu WK (2005). The bridging scale for two-dimensional atomistic/continuum coupling. Philos Magaz 85: 79–113
Park HS, Karpov EG, Klein PA and Liu WK (2005). Three-dimensional bridging scale analysis of dynamic fracture. J comput Phys 207: 588–609
Park HS and Liu WK (2004). An introduction and tutorial on multiplescale analysis in solids. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 193: 1733–1772
Picu RC (2000). Atomistic-continuum simulation of nano-indentation in molybdenum. J Comput Aided Mater Des 7: 77–87
Tang S, Hou TY and Liu WK (2006). Mathematical framework of bridging scale method. Int J Numer Methods Eng 65: 1688–1713
Wagner GJ and Liu WK (2003). Coupling of atomistic and continuum simulations using a bridging scale decomposition. J Comput Phys 190: 249–274
Wagner GJ and Liu WK (2001). Hierarchical enrichment for bridging scales and mesh-free boundary conditions. Int J Numer Methods Eng 50: 507–524
Fleck NA, Muler GM, Ashby MF and Hutchinson JW (1994). Strain gradient plasticity: theory and experiment. Acta Metallurgy Mater 42: 475–487
Gao H, Huang Y, Nix WD and Hutchinson JW (1999). Mechanism-based strain gradient Plasticity-I. Theory J Mech Phys Solids 47: 1239–1263
Huang Y, Gao H, Nix WD and Hutchinson JW (2000). Mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity-II. Anal J Mech Phys Solids 48: 99–128
Mindlin RD (1964). Micro-structure in linear elasticity. Arch Rational Mech Anal 16: 15–78
Vernerey F (2006) PhD Thesis, Northwestern University
McVeigh C, Vernerey F, Liu WK, Brinson LC (2006) Multiresolution analysis for material design. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng
Geers MGD, Ubachs RLJM and Engelen RAB (2003). Strongly nonlocal gradient-enhanced finite strain elastoplasticity. Int J Numer Meth Eng 56: 2039–2068
Engelen RAB, Geers MGD and Baaijens FTP (2003). Nonlocal implicit gradient-enhanced elasto-plasticity for the modeling of softening behaviour. Int J Plast 19: 403–433
Lions JL (1981). Some methods in the mathematical analysis of systems and their control. Science Press, Beijing, 1
Sanchez-Palenia E (1980). Non-homogeneous media and vibration theory. Springer, Berlin, 45
Francfort GA (1983). Homogenization and linear thermoelasticity. SIAM J Math Anal 14: 696–708
Guedes JM and Kikuchi N (1990). Preprocessing and postprocessing for materials based on the homogenization method with adaptive finite element methods. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 83: 143–198
Xiao SP and Belytschko T (2004). A bridging domain method for coupling continua with molecular dynamics. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 193: 1645–1669
Berenger J (1994). A perfectly matched layer for the absorption of electromagnetic waves. J Comput Phys 114: 185–200
To AC and Li S (2005). Perfectly Matched Multiscale Simulations. Phys Rev B 72: 035414
Zohdi T and Wriggers P (2005). Introduction to computational micromechanics. Springer, Heidelberg
Zohdi TI, Oden JT and Rodin GJ (1996). Hierarchical modeling of heterogeneous bodies. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 138: 273–298
Oden JT and Zohdi TI (1997). Analysis and adaptive modeling of highly heterogeneous elastic structures. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 148: 367–391
Oden JT, Prudhomme S, Romkes A, Bauman P (2007) Multi-scale modeling of physical phenomena: adaptive control of models. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng (to appear)
Takano N, Uetsuji Y, Kashiwagi Y and Zako M (1999). Hierarchical modelling of textile composite materials and structures by the homogenization method. Model Simul Mater Sci Eng 7: 207–231
Fish J and Chen W (2001). Higher-order homogenization of initial/boundary-value problem. J Eng Mech 127(12): 1223–1230
Cosserat E and Cosserat F (1909). Theorie des corps deformables. A Hermann et Fils, Paris
Germain P (1973). The method of virtual power in continuum mechanics. part 2: microstrucure. SIAM J Appl Math 25: 556–575
Mindlin RD (1964). Micro-structure in linear elasticity. Arch Ration Mech Anal 16: 15–78
Gao H, Huang Y, Nix WD and Hutchinson JW (1999). Mechanism-based strain gradient plasticity-theory. J Mech Phys Solids 47: 1239–1263
Goods SH, Brown LM (1979) The effects of second phases on the mechanical properties of alloys. Acta Metallurgica
Hao S, Liu WK, Moran B, Vernerey F and Olson GB (2004). Multiscale constitutive model and computational framework for the design of ultrahigh strength, high toughness steels. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 193: 1865–1908
Hao S, Moran B, Liu WK and Olson GB (2003). A hierarchical multiphysics constitutive model for steels design. J Comput-Aided Mater Des 10: 99–142
McVeigh C, Vernerey F, Liu WK, Moran B, Olson GB (2006) An interactive microvoid shear localization mechanism in high strength steels. J Mech Phys Solids (accepted)
Kouznetsova V, Geers MGD and Brekelmans WAM (2002). Multi-scale constitutive modelling of heterogeneous materials with a gradient-enhanced computational homogenization scheme. Int J Numer Methods Eng 54(8): 1235–1260
Bammann DJ, Chiesa ML, Johnson GC (1996) Modeling large deformation and failure in manufacturing processes. In: Tatsumi, Wannabe, Kambe (eds) Theor. App. Mech., Elsevier Science, p 259
Fish J and Chen W (2004). Space-time multiscale model for wave propagation in heterogeneous media. Comp Meth Appl Mech Eng 193: 4837–4856
Nagai G, Fish J, Watanabe K (2004) Stabilized nonlocal model for wave propagation in heterogeneous media. Comput Mech 33(2)
Fish J, Chen W and Li R (2007). Generalized mathematical homogenization of atomistic media at finite temperatures in three dimensions. Comp Methods Appl Mech Eng 196: 908–922
Mesarovicy S and Padbidri J (2005). Minimal kinematic boundary conditions for simulations of disordered microstructures. Philos Magaz 85(1): 65–78
Liu WK, Belytschko T and Mani A (1986). Random field finite elements. Int J Numer Methods Eng 23(10): 1831–1845
Liu WK, Mani A and Belytschko T (1987). Finite element methods in probabilistic mechanics. Prob Eng Mech 2(4): 201–213
Qian D, Wagner GJ and Liu WK (2004). A multiscale projection method for the analysis of carbon nanotubes. Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng 193: 1603–1632
Girifalco LA and Weizer VG (1958). Application of the morse potential function to cubic metals. Phys Rev 114: 687–690
Daw MS, Foiles SM and Baskes MI (1993). The embedded-atom method: a review of theory and applications. Mater Sci Reports 9: 251–310
Brenner DW (1990). Empirical potential for hydrocarbons for use in simulating the chemical vapor deposition of diamond films. Phys Rev B 42: 9458–9471
Biswas R and Hamann DR (1985). Interatomic potential for silicon structural energies. Phys Rev Lett 55: 2001–2004
Biswas R and Hamann DR (1987). New classical models for silicon structural energies. Phys Rev B 36: 6434–6445
Tersoff J (1988). New empirical approach for the structure and energy of covalent systems. Phys Rev B 37: 6991–7000
Tersoff J (1986). New empirical model for the structural properties of silicon. Phys Rev Lett 56: 632–635
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Submitted to a Special Issue of Computational Mechanics in Honor of Professor Ladeveze’s 60th Birthday.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, W.K., McVeigh, C. Predictive multiscale theory for design of heterogeneous materials. Comput Mech 42, 147–170 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00466-007-0176-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00466-007-0176-8