References
Kammerer WS (1979) Nonobstetric surgery during pregnancy. Med Clin North Am 63:1157–1164
Kort B, Katz VL, Watson WJ (1993) The effect of nonobstetric operation during pregnancy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 177:371–376
Fallon WF Jr, Newman JS, Fallon GL, Malangoni MA (1995) The surgical management of intra-abdominal inflammatory conditions during pregnancy. Surg Clin North Am 75:15–31
Guyatt GH, Oxman AD, Kunz R, Vist GE, Falck-Ytter Y, Alonso-Coello P, Schünemann HJ, GRADE Working Group (2008) GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations. BMJ 336:924–926
Baer J (1932) Appendicitis in pregnancy with changes in position and axis of the normal appendix in pregnancy. JAMA 98:1359–1364
Eyvazzadeh AD, Levine D (2006) Imaging of pelvic pain in the first trimester of pregnancy. Radiol Clin North Am 44:863–877
(1977) Medical radiation exposure of pregnant and potentially pregnant women. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements report No. 54, Bethesda, MD
Kennedy A (2000) Assessment of acute abdominal pain in the pregnant patient. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 21:64–77
Toppenberg KS, Hill DA, Miller DP (1999) Safety of radiographic imaging during pregnancy. Am Fam Physician 59:1813–1818, 1820
Moore C, Promes SB (2004) Ultrasound in pregnancy. Emerg Med Clin North Am 22:697–722
Lim HK, Bae SH, Seo GS (1992) Diagnosis of acute appendicitis in pregnant women: value of sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol 159:539–542
Nelson MJ, Cavalieri R, Graham D, Sanders RC (1986) Cysts in pregnancy discovered by sonography. J Clin Ultrasound 14:509–512
Timins JK (2001) Radiation during pregnancy. N J Med 98:29–33
Karam PA (2000) Determining and reporting fetal radiation exposure from diagnostic radiation. Health Phys 79:S85–S90
Chen MM, Coakley FV, Kaimal A, Laros RK Jr (2008) Guidelines for computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging use during pregnancy and lactation. Obstet Gynecol 112(2 Pt 1):333–340
(1977) Medical radiation exposure of pregnant and potentially pregnant women. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements report No 54: Bethesda, MD
Doll R, Wakeford R (1997) Risk of childhood cancer from fetal irradiation. Br J Radiol 70:130–139
Osei EK, Faulkner K (1999) Fetal doses from radiological examinations. Br J Radiol 72:773–780
Lowe SA (2004) Diagnostic radiography in pregnancy: risks and reality. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 44:191–196
Menias CO, Elsayes KM, Peterson CM, Huete A, Gratz BI, Bhalla S (2007) CT of pregnancy-related complications. Emerg Radiol 13(6):299–306
Hurwitz LM, Yoshizumi T, Reiman RE, Goodman PC, Paulson EK, Frush DP, Toncheva G, Nguyen G, Barnes L (2006) Radiation dose to the fetus from body MDCT during early gestation. AJR Am J Roentgenol 186:871–876
Forsted DH, Kalbhen CL (2002) CT of pregnant women for urinary tract calculi, pulmonary thromboembolism, and acute appendicitis. AJR Am J Roentgenol 178:1285
Patel SJ, Reede DL, Katz DS, Subramaniam R, Amorosa JK (2007) Imaging the pregnant patient for nonobstetric conditions: algorithms and radiation dose considerations. Radiographics 27:1705–1722
De Wilde JP, Rivers AW, Price DL (2005) A review of the current use of magnetic resonance imaging in pregnancy and safety implications for the fetus. Prog Biophys Mol Biol 87:335–353
Garcia-Bournissen F, Shrim A, Koren G (2006) Safety of gadolinium during pregnancy. Can Fam Physician 52:309–310
Nagayama M, Watanabe Y, Okumura A, Amoh Y, Nakashita S, Dodo Y (2002) Fast MR imaging in obstetrics. Radiographics 22:563–580 (discussion 580–562)
Leyendecker JR, Gorengaut V, Brown JJ (2004) MR imaging of maternal diseases of the abdomen and pelvis during pregnancy and the immediate postpartum period. Radiographics 24:1301–1316
McKenna DA, Meehan CP, Alhajeri AN, Regan MC, O’Keeffe DP (2007) The use of MRI to demonstrate small bowel obstruction during pregnancy. Br J Radiol 80:e11–e14
Birchard KR, Brown MA, Hyslop WB, Firat Z, Semelka RC (2005) MRI of acute abdominal and pelvic pain in pregnant patients. AJR Am J Roentgenol 184:452–458
Brown MA, Birchard KR, Semelka RC (2005) Magnetic resonance evaluation of pregnant patients with acute abdominal pain. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 26:206–211
Adelstein SJ (1999) Administered radionuclides in pregnancy. Teratology 59:236–239
Schaefer C, Meister R, Wentzeck R, Weber-Schoendorfer C (2009) Fetal outcome after technetium scintigraphy in early pregnancy. Reprod Toxicol 28:161–166
Karthikesalingam A, Markar SR, Weerakkody R, Walsh SR, Carroll N, Praseedom RK (2009) Radiation exposure during laparoscopic cholecystectomy with routine intraoperative cholangiography. Surg Endosc 23:1845–1848
Jorgensen JE, Rubenstein JH, Goodsitt MM, Elta GH (2010) Radiation doses to ERCP patients are significantly lower with experienced endoscopists. Gastrointest Endosc 72:58–65
Andriulli A, Loperfido S, Napolitano G, Niro G, Valvano MR, Spirito F, Pilotto A, Forlano R (2007) Incidence rates of post-ERCP complications: a systematic survey of prospective studies. Am J Gastroenterol 102(8):1781–1788
Qureshi WA, Rajan E, Adler DG, Davila RE, Hirota WK, Jacobson BC, Leighton JA, Zuckerman MJ, Hambrick RD, Fanelli RD, Baron T, Faigel DO (2005) ASGE guideline: guidelines for endoscopy in pregnant and lactating women. Gastrointest Endosc 61:357–362
Quan WL, Chia CK, Yim HB (2006) Safety of endoscopic procedures during pregnancy. Singapore Med J 47:525–528
Tang SJ, Mayo MJ, Rodriguez-Frias E, Armstrong L, Tang L, Sreenarasimhaiah J, Lara LF, Rockey DC (2009) Safety and utility of ERCP during pregnancy. Gastrointest Endosc 69:453–461
Reedy MB, Kallen B, Kuehl TJ (1997) Laparoscopy during pregnancy: a study of five fetal outcome parameters with use of the Swedish Health Registry. Am J Obstet Gynecol 177:673–679
Reedy MB, Galan HL, Richards WE, Preece CK, Wetter PA, Kuehl TJ (1997) Laparoscopy during pregnancy. A survey of laparoendoscopic surgeons. J Reprod Med 42:33–38
Gurbuz AT, Peetz ME (1997) The acute abdomen in the pregnant patient. Is there a role for laparoscopy? Surg Endosc 11:98–102
Buser KB (2002) Laparoscopic surgery in the pregnant patient-one surgeon’s experience in a small rural hospital. JSLS 6:121–124
Lachman E, Schienfeld A, Voss E, Gino G, Boldes R, Levine S, Borstien M, Stark M (1999) Pregnancy and laparoscopic surgery. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 6:347–351
Fatum M, Rojansky N (2001) Laparoscopic surgery during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Surg 56:50–59
Curet MJ, Allen D, Josloff RK, Pitcher DE, Curet LB, Miscall BG, Zucker KA (1996) Laparoscopy during pregnancy. Arch Surg 131:546–550 (discussion 550–541)
Conron RW Jr, Abbruzzi K, Cochrane SO, Sarno AJ, Cochrane PJ (1999) Laparoscopic procedures in pregnancy. Am Surg 65:259–263
Al-Fozan H, Tulandi T (2002) Safety and risks of laparoscopy in pregnancy. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 14:375–379
Amos JD, Schorr SJ, Norman PF, Poole GV, Thomae KR, Mancino AT, Hall TJ, Scott-Conner CE (1996) Laparoscopic surgery during pregnancy. Am J Surg 171:435–437
Nezhat FR, Tazuke S, Nezhat CH, Seidman DS, Phillips DR, Nezhat CR (1997) Laparoscopy during pregnancy: a literature review. JSLS 1:17–27
[No authors listed] (1998) Guidelines for laparoscopic surgery during pregnancy. Society of American Gastrointestinal Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES). Surg Endosc 12:189–190
Rizzo AG (2003) Laparoscopic surgery in pregnancy: long-term follow-up. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 13:11–15
Andreoli M, Servakov M, Meyers P, Mann WJ Jr (1999) Laparoscopic surgery during pregnancy. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 6:229–233
Shay DC, Bhavani-Shankar K, Datta S (2001) Laparoscopic surgery during pregnancy. Anesthesiol Clin North Am 19:57–67
Oelsner G, Stockheim D, Soriano D, Goldenberg M, Seidman DS, Cohen SB, Admon D, Novikov I, Maschiach S, Carp HJ, Anderman S, Ben-Ami M, Ben-Arie A, Hagay Z, Bustan M, Shalev E, Carp H, Gemer O, Golan A, Holzinger M, Beyth Y, Horowitz A, Hamani Y, Keis M, Lavie O, Luxman D, Rojansky N, Taichner G, Yafe C, Zohar S, Bilanca B (2003) Pregnancy outcome after laparoscopy or laparotomy in pregnancy. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 10:200–204
McKellar DP, Anderson CT, Boynton CJ, Peoples JB (1992) Cholecystectomy during pregnancy without fetal loss. Surg Gynecol Obstet 174:465–468
Glasgow RE, Visser BC, Harris HW, Patti MG, Kilpatrick SJ, Mulvihill SJ (1998) Changing management of gallstone disease during pregnancy. Surg Endosc 12:241–246
Affleck DG, Handrahan DL, Egger MJ, Price RR (1999) The laparoscopic management of appendicitis and cholelithiasis during pregnancy. Am J Surg 178:523–529
Barone JE, Bears S, Chen S, Tsai J, Russell JC (1999) Outcome study of cholecystectomy during pregnancy. Am J Surg 177:232–236
Rollins MD, Chan KJ, Price RR (2004) Laparoscopy for appendicitis and cholelithiasis during pregnancy: a new standard of care. Surg Endosc 18(2):237–241
Davis A, Katz VL, Cox R (1995) Gallbladder disease in pregnancy. J Reprod Med 40:759–762
Muench J, Albrink M, Serafini F, Rosemurgy A, Carey L, Murr MM (2001) Delay in treatment of biliary disease during pregnancy increases morbidity and can be avoided with safe laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Am Surg 67:539–542 (discussion 542–533)
Visser BC, Glasgow RE, Mulvihill KK, Mulvihill SJ (2001) Safety and timing of nonobstetric abdominal surgery in pregnancy. Dig Surg 18:409–417
Geisler JP, Rose SL, Mernitz CS, Warner JL, Hiett AK (1998) Non-gynecologic laparoscopy in second and third trimester pregnancy: obstetric implications. JSLS 2:235–238
Stepp K, Falcone T (2004) Laparoscopy in the second trimester of pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am 31:485–496, vii
Pucci RO, Seed RW (1991) Case report of laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the third trimester of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 165:401–402
Weber AM, Bloom GP, Allan TR, Curry SL (1991) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 78:958–959
Williams JK, Rosemurgy AS, Albrink MH, Parsons MT, Stock S (1995) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in pregnancy. A case report. J Reprod Med 40:243–245
Arvidsson D, Gerdin E (1991) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy. Surg Laparosc Endosc 1:193–194
Costantino GN, Vincent GJ, Mukalian GG, Kliefoth WL Jr (1994) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in pregnancy. J Laparoendosc Surg 4:161–164
Soriano D, Yefet Y, Seidman DS, Goldenberg M, Mashiach S, Oelsner G (1999) Laparoscopy versus laparotomy in the management of adnexal masses during pregnancy. Fertil Steril 71:955–960
Curet MJ (2000) Special problems in laparoscopic surgery. Previous abdominal surgery, obesity, and pregnancy. Surg Clin North Am 80:1093–1110
Elkayam U, GN (1982) Cardiovascular physiology of pregnancy. Alan R. Liss, New York
Clark SL, Cotton DB, Pivarnik JM, Lee W, Hankins GD, Benedetti TJ, Phelan JP (1991) Position change and central hemodynamic profile during normal third-trimester pregnancy and post partum. Am J Obstet Gynecol 164:883–887
Gordon MC (2002) Maternal physiology in pregnancy. In: Gabbe SG, Niebyl JR, Simpson JL (eds) Obstetrics: normal and problem pregnancies. Churchill Livingstone, Philadelphia, pp 63–91
Friedman JD, Ramsey PS, Ramin KD, Berry C (2002) Pneumoamnion and pregnancy loss after second-trimester laparoscopic surgery. Obstet Gynecol 99:512–513
Halpern NB (1998) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in pregnancy: a review of published experiences and clinical considerations. Semin Laparosc Surg 5:129–134
Lemaire BM, van Erp WF (1997) Laparoscopic surgery during pregnancy. Surg Endosc 11:15–18
Canis M, Rabischong B, Houlle C, Botchorishvili R, Jardon K, Safi A, Wattiez A, Mage G, Pouly JL, Bruhat MA (2002) Laparoscopic management of adnexal masses: a gold standard? Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol 14:423–428
Malangoni MA (2003) Gastrointestinal surgery and pregnancy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 32:181–200
Wang CJ, Yen CF, Lee CL, Soong YK (2002) Minilaparoscopic cystectomy and appendectomy in late second trimester. JSLS 6:373–375
Akira S, Yamanaka A, Ishihara T, Takeshita T, Araki T (1999) Gasless laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy during pregnancy: comparison with laparotomy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 180:554–557
Murakami T, Noda T, Okamura C, Terada Y, Morito Y, Okamura K (2003) Cul-de-sac packing with a metreurynter in gasless laparoscopic cystectomy during pregnancy. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 10:421–423
Schmidt T, Nawroth F, Foth D, Rein DT, Romer T, Mallmann P (2001) Gasless laparoscopy as an option for conservative therapy of adnexal pedical torsion with twin pregnancy. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 8:621–622
Römer T, Bojahr B, Schwesinger G (2002) Treatment of a torqued hematosalpinx in the thirteenth week of pregnancy using gasless laparoscopy. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 9:89–92
Melgrati L, Damiani A, Franzoni G, Marziali M, Sesti F (2005) Isobaric (gasless) laparoscopic myomectomy during pregnancy. J Minim Invasive Gynecol 12:379–381
Matsumoto T, Nishi M, Yokota M, Ito M (1999) Laparoscopic treatment of uterine prolapse during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 93:849
Oguri H, Taniguchi K, Fukaya T (2005) Gasless laparoscopic management of ovarian cysts during pregnancy. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 91:258–259
Iafrati MD, Yarnell R, Schwaitzberg SD (1995) Gasless laparoscopic cholecystectomy in pregnancy. J Laparoendosc Surg 5:127–130
Hume RF, Killiam AP (1990) Maternal physiology. In: Scott JR, KiSaia J, Hammon DB (eds) Obstetrics and gynecology. JB Lippincott, Philadelphia, pp 93–100
Hunter JG, Swanstrom L, Thornburg K (1995) Carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum induces fetal acidosis in a pregnant ewe model. Surg Endosc 9:272–277 (discussion 277–279)
Reedy MB, Galan HL, Bean-Lijewski JD, Carnes A, Knight AB, Kuehl TJ (1995) Maternal and fetal effects of laparoscopic insufflation in the gravid baboon. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 2:399–406
Curet MJ, Vogt DA, Schob O, Qualls C, Izquierdo LA, Zucker KA (1996) Effects of CO2 pneumoperitoneum in pregnant ewes. J Surg Res 63:339–344
Barnard JM, Chaffin D, Droste S, Tierney A, Phernetton T (1995) Fetal response to carbon dioxide pneumoperitoneum in the pregnant ewe. Obstet Gynecol 85:669–674
Cruz AM, Southerland LC, Duke T, Townsend HG, Ferguson JG, Crone LA (1996) Intraabdominal carbon dioxide insufflation in the pregnant ewe. Uterine blood flow, intraamniotic pressure, and cardiopulmonary effects. Anesthesiology 85:1395–1402
Soper NJ, Hunter JG, Petrie RH (1992) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy. Surg Endosc 6:115–117
Comitalo JB, Lynch D (1994) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the pregnant patient. Surg Laparosc Endosc 4:268–271
Bhavani-Shankar K, Steinbrook RA, Brooks DC, Datta S (2000) Arterial to end-tidal carbon dioxide pressure difference during laparoscopic surgery in pregnancy. Anesthesiology 93:370–373
Melnick DM, Wahl WL, Dalton VK (2004) Management of general surgical problems in the pregnant patient. Am J Surg 187:170–180
Jorgensen JO, Lalak NJ, North L, Hanel K, Hunt DR, Morris DL (1994) Venous stasis during laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Laparosc Endosc 4:128–133
[No authors listed] (1992) Risk of and prophylaxis for venous thromboembolism in hospital patients. Thromboembolic Risk Factors (THRIFT) Consensus Group. BMJ 305:567–574
Casele HL (2006) The use of unfractionated heparin and low molecular weight heparins in pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 49:895–905
Hiatt JR, Hiatt JC, Williams RA, Klein SR (1986) Biliary disease in pregnancy: strategy for surgical management. Am J Surg 151:263–265
Ghumman E, Barry M, Grace PA (1997) Management of gallstones in pregnancy. Br J Surg 84:1646–1650
Chamogeorgakis T, Lo Menzo E, Smink RD Jr, Feuerstein B, Fantazzio M, Kaufman J, Brennan EJ, Russell R (1999) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy: three case reports. JSLS 3:67–69
Steinbrook RA, Brooks DC, Datta S (1996) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy. Review of anesthetic management, surgical considerations. Surg Endosc 10:511–515
Date RS, Kaushal M, Ramesh A (2008) A review of the management of gallstone disease and its complications in pregnancy. Am J Surg 196:599–608
Scott LD (1992) Gallstone disease and pancreatitis in pregnancy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 21:803–815
Printen KJ, Ott RA (1978) Cholecystectomy during pregnancy. Am Surg 44:432–434
Jelin EB, Smink DS, Vernon AH, Brooks DC (2008) Management of biliary tract disease during pregnancy: a decision analysis. Surg Endosc 22:54–60
Graham G, Baxi L, Tharakan T (1998) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy during pregnancy: a case series and review of the literature. Obstet Gynecol Surg 53:566–574
DeVore GR (1980) Acute abdominal pain in the pregnant patient due to pancreatitis, acute appendicitis, cholecystitis, or peptic ulcer disease. Clin Perinatol 7:349–369
Borum ML (1998) Hepatobiliary diseases in women. Med Clin North Am 82:51–75
Tuech JJ, Binelli C, Aube C, Pessaux P, Fauvet R, Descamps P, Arnaud JP (2000) Management of choledocholithiasis during pregnancy by magnetic resonance cholangiography and laparoscopic common bile duct stone extraction. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 10:323–325
Baillie J, Cairns SR, Putman WS, Cotton PB (1990) Endoscopic management of choledocholithiasis during pregnancy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 171:1–4
Sungler P, Heinerman PM, Steiner H, Waclawiczek HW, Holzinger J, Mayer F, Heuberger A, Boeckl O (2000) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy and interventional endoscopy for gallstone complications during pregnancy. Surg Endosc 14:267–271
Cosenza CA, Saffari B, Jabbour N, Stain SC, Garry D, Parekh D, Selby RR (1999) Surgical management of biliary gallstone disease during pregnancy. Am J Surg 178:545–548
Barthel JS, Chowdhury T, Miedema BW (1998) Endoscopic sphincterotomy for the treatment of gallstone pancreatitis during pregnancy. Surg Endosc 12:394–399
Scapa E (1995) To do or not to do an endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in acute biliary pancreatitis? Surg Laparosc Endosc 5:453–454
Andreoli M, Sayegh SK, Hoefer R, Matthews G, Mann WJ (1996) Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for recurrent gallstone pancreatitis during pregnancy. South Med J 89:1114–1115
Korndorffer JR Jr, Fellinger E, Reed W (2010) SAGES guideline for laparoscopic appendectomy. Surg Endosc 24:757–761
Schwartzberg BS, Conyers JA, Moore JA (1997) First trimester of pregnancy laparoscopic procedures. Surg Endosc 11:1216–1217
Thomas SJ, Brisson P (1998) Laparoscopic appendectomy and cholecystectomy during pregnancy: six case reports. JSLS 2:41–46
Barnes SL, Shane MD, Schoemann MB, Bernard AC, Boulanger BR (2004) Laparoscopic appendectomy after 30 weeks pregnancy: report of two cases and description of technique. Am Surg 70:733–736
de Perrot M, Jenny A, Morales M, Kohlik M, Morel P (2000) Laparoscopic appendectomy during pregnancy. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 10:368–371
Schreiber JH (1990) Laparoscopic appendectomy in pregnancy. Surg Endosc 4:100–102
Sadot E, Telem DA, Arora M, Butala P, Nguyen SQ, Divino CM (2010) Laparoscopy: a safe approach to appendicitis during pregnancy. Surg Endosc 24:383–389
Lemieux P, Rheaume P, Levesque I, Bujold E, Brochu G (2009) Laparoscopic appendectomy in pregnant patients: a review of 45 cases. Surg Endosc 23:1701–1705
McGory ML, Zingmond DS, Tillou A, Hiatt JR, Ko CY, Cryer HM (2007) Negative appendectomy in pregnant women is associated with a substantial risk of fetal loss. J Am Coll Surg 205:534–540
Shalhav AL, Landman J, Afane J, Levi R, Clayman RV (2000) Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for primary hyperaldosteronism during pregnancy. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 10:169–171
Finkenstedt G, Gasser RW, Hofle G, Lhotta K, Kolle D, Gschwendtner A, Janetschek G (1999) Pheochromocytoma and sub-clinical Cushing’s syndrome during pregnancy: diagnosis, medical pre-treatment and cure by laparoscopic unilateral adrenalectomy. J Endocrinol Invest 22:551–557
Aishima M, Tanaka M, Haraoka M, Naito S (2000) Retroperitoneal laparoscopic adrenalectomy in a pregnant woman with Cushing’s syndrome. J Urol 164:770–771
Lo CY, Lo CM, Lam KY (2002) Cushing’s syndrome secondary to adrenal adenoma during pregnancy. Surg Endosc 16:219–220
Janetschek G, Finkenstedt G, Gasser R, Waibel UG, Peschel R, Bartsch G, Neumann HP (1998) Laparoscopic surgery for pheochromocytoma: adrenalectomy, partial resection, excision of paragangliomas. J Urol 160:330–334
Demeure MJ, Carlsen B, Traul D, Budney C, Lalande B, Lipinski A, Cruikshank D, Kotchen T, Wilson S (1998) Laparoscopic removal of a right adrenal pheochromocytoma in a pregnant woman. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 8:315–319
Pace DE, Chiasson PM, Schlachta CM, Mamazza J, Cadeddu MO, Poulin EC (2002) Minimally invasive adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma during pregnancy. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 12:122–125
Gagner M, Breton G, Pharand D, Pomp A (1996) Is laparoscopic adrenalectomy indicated for pheochromocytomas? Surgery 120:1076–1079 (discussion 1079–1080)
Wolf A, Goretzki PE, Rohrborn A, Feldkamp J, Simon D, Scherbaum WA, Roher HD (2004) Pheochromocytoma during pregnancy: laparoscopic and conventional surgical treatment of two cases. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 112:98–101
Kim PT, Kreisman SH, Vaughn R, Panton ON (2006) Laparoscopic adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma in pregnancy. Can J Surg 49:62–63
Griffiths J, Sia W, Shapiro AM, Tataryn I, Turner AR (2005) Laparoscopic splenectomy for the treatment of refractory immune thrombocytopenia in pregnancy. J Obstet Gynaecol Can 27:771–774
Hardwick RH, Slade RR, Smith PA, Thompson MH (1999) Laparoscopic splenectomy in pregnancy. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 9:439–440
Allran CF Jr, Weiss CA III, Park AE (2002) Urgent laparoscopic splenectomy in a morbidly obese pregnant woman: case report and literature review. J Laparoendosc Adv Surg Tech A 12:445–447
Iwase K, Higaki J, Yoon HE, Mikata S, Tanaka Y, Takahashi T, Hatanaka K, Tamaki T, Hori S, Mitsuda N, Kamiike W (2001) Hand-assisted laparoscopic splenectomy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura during pregnancy. Surg Laparosc Endosc Percutan Tech 11:53–56
Anglin BV, Rutherford C, Ramus R, Lieser M, Jones DB (2001) Immune thrombocytopenic purpura during pregnancy: laparoscopic treatment. JSLS 5:63–67
O’Connor JP, Biyani CS, Taylor J, Agarwal V, Curley PJ, Browning AJ (2004) Laparoscopic nephrectomy for renal-cell carcinoma during pregnancy. J Endourol 18:871–874
Sainsbury DC, Dorkin TJ, MacPhail S, Soomro NA (2004) Laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in first-trimester pregnancy. Urology 64:1231.e7–8
Bozzo M, Buscaglia M, Ferrazzi E (1997) The management of persistent adnexal masses in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 177:981–982
Thornton JG, Wells M (1987) Ovarian cysts in pregnancy: does ultrasound make traditional management inappropriate? Obstet Gynecol 69:717–721
Grimes WH Jr, Bartholomew RA, Colvin ED, Fish JS, Lester WM (1954) Ovarian cyst complicating pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 68:594–605
Sherard GB III, Hodson CA, Williams HJ, Semer DA, Hadi HA, Tait DL (2003) Adnexal masses and pregnancy: a 12-year experience. Am J Obstet Gynecol 189:358–362 (discussion 362–353)
Hess LW, Peaceman A, O’Brien WF, Winkel CA, Cruikshank DP, Morrison JC (1988) Adnexal mass occurring with intrauterine pregnancy: report of fifty-four patients requiring laparotomy for definitive management. Am J Obstet Gynecol 158:1029–1034
Schmeler KM, Mayo-Smith WW, Peipert JF, Weitzen S, Manuel MD, Gordinier ME (2005) Adnexal masses in pregnancy: surgery compared with observation. Obstet Gynecol 105:1098–1103
Zanetta G, Mariani E, Lissoni A, Ceruti P, Trio D, Strobelt N, Mariani S (2003) A prospective study of the role of ultrasound in the management of adnexal masses in pregnancy. BJOG 110:578–583
Condous G, Khalid A, Okaro E, Bourne T (2004) Should we be examining the ovaries in pregnancy? Prevalence and natural history of adnexal pathology detected at first-trimester sonography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 24:62–66
[No authors listed] (2007) ACOG Practice Bulletin. Management of adnexal masses. Obstetr Gynecol 110:201–214
Nezhat F, Nezhat C, Silfen SL, Fehnel SH (1991) Laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy during pregnancy. J Laparoendosc Surg 1:161–164
Parker WH, Levine RL, Howard FM, Sansone B, Berek JS (1994) A multicenter study of laparoscopic management of selected cystic adnexal masses in postmenopausal women. J Am Coll Surg 179:733–737
Tazuke SI, Nezhat FR, Nezhat CH, Seidman DS, Phillips DR, Nezhat CR (1997) Laparoscopic management of pelvic pathology during pregnancy. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 4:605–608
Chung MK, Chung RP (2001) Laparoscopic extracorporeal oophorectomy and ovarian cystectomy in second trimester pregnant obese patients. JSLS 5:273–277
Yuen PM, Chang AM (1997) Laparoscopic management of adnexal mass during pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 76:173–176
Loh FH, Chua SP, Khalil R, Ng SC (1998) Case report of ruptured endometriotic cyst in pregnancy treated by laparoscopic ovarian cystectomy. Singapore Med J 39:368–369
Stepp KJ, Tulikangas PK, Goldberg JM, Attaran M, Falcone T (2003) Laparoscopy for adnexal masses in the second trimester of pregnancy. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 10:55–59
Neiswender LL, Toub DB (1997) Laparoscopic excision of pelvic masses during pregnancy. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 4:269–272
Yuen PM, Ng PS, Leung PL, Rogers MS (2004) Outcome in laparoscopic management of persistent adnexal mass during the second trimester of pregnancy. Surg Endosc 18:1354–1357
Parker J, Watkins W, Robinson H, Byrne D (1995) Laparoscopic adnexal surgery during pregnancy: a case of heterotopic tubal pregnancy treated by laparoscopic salpingectomy. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol 35:208–210
Moore RD, Smith WG (1999) Laparoscopic management of adnexal masses in pregnant women. J Reprod Med 44:97–100
Lin YH, Hwang JL, Huang LW, Seow KM (2003) Successful laparoscopic management of a huge ovarian tumor in the 27th week of pregnancy. A case report. J Reprod Med 48:834–836
Mathevet P, Nessah K, Dargent D, Mellier G (2003) Laparoscopic management of adnexal masses in pregnancy: a case series. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 108:217–222
Struyk AP, Treffers PE (1984) Ovarian tumors in pregnancy. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 63:421–424
Nichols DH, Julian PJ (1985) Torsion of the adnexa. Clin Obstet Gynecol 28:375–380
Mage G, Canis M, Manhes H, Pouly JL, Bruhat MA (1989) Laparoscopic management of adnexal torsion. A review of 35 cases. J Reprod Med 34:520–524
Garzarelli S, Mazzuca N (1994) One laparoscopic puncture for treatment of ovarian cysts with adnexal torsion in early pregnancy. A report of two cases. J Reprod Med 39:985–986
Morice P, Louis-Sylvestre C, Chapron C, Dubuisson JB (1997) Laparoscopy for adnexal torsion in pregnant women. J Reprod Med 42:435–439
Abu-Musa A, Nassar A, Usta I, Khalil A, Hussein M (2001) Laparoscopic unwinding and cystectomy of twisted dermoid cyst during second trimester of pregnancy. J Am Assoc Gynecol Laparosc 8:456–460
Bassil S, Steinhart U, Donnez J (1999) Successful laparoscopic management of adnexal torsion during week 25 of a twin pregnancy. Hum Reprod 14:855–857
Argenta PA, Yeagley TJ, Ott G, Sondheimer SJ (2000) Torsion of the uterine adnexa. Pathologic correlations and current management trends. J Reprod Med 45:831–836
Tarraza HM, Moore RD (1997) Gynecologic causes of the acute abdomen and the acute abdomen in pregnancy. Surg Clin North Am 77:1371–1394
Oelsner G, Bider D, Goldenberg M, Admon D, Mashiach S (1993) Long-term follow-up of the twisted ischemic adnexa managed by detorsion. Fertil Steril 60:976–979
Cappell MS, Friedel D (2003) Abdominal pain during pregnancy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 32:1–58
Sharp HT (2002) The acute abdomen during pregnancy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 45:405–413
Katz VL, Farmer RM (1999) Controversies in tocolytic therapy. Clin Obstet Gynecol 42:802–819
Berkman ND, Thorp JM Jr, Lohr KN, Carey TS, Hartmann KE, Gavin NI, Hasselblad V, Idicula AE (2003) Tocolytic treatment for the management of preterm labor: a review of the evidence. Am J Obstet Gynecol 188:1648–1659
Tan TC, Devendra K, Tan LK, Tan HK (2006) Tocolytic treatment for the management of preterm labour: a systematic review. Singapore Med J 47:361–366
Romero R, Sibai BM, Sanchez-Ramos L, Valenzuela GJ, Veille JC, Tabor B, Perry KG, Varner M, Goodwin TM, Lane R, Smith J, Shangold G, Creasy GW (2000) An oxytocin receptor antagonist (atosiban) in the treatment of preterm labor: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with tocolytic rescue. Am J Obstet Gynecol 182:1173–1183
Disclosure
Drs. Pearl, Price, Richardson, and Fanelli have no conflicts of interest or financial ties to disclose.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
This document was prepared and revised by the SAGES Guidelines Committee:
This document was prepared and revised by the SAGES Guidelines Committee:
Jonathan P. Pearl, MD
Raymond R. Price, MD
Ziad T. Awad, MD
Simon Bergman, MD
Ronald H. Clements, MD
David B. Earle, MD
David S. Edelman, MD
Liane S. Feldman, MD
Erika K. Fellinger, MD
Shannon A. Fraser, MD
Stephen P. Haggerty, MD
William W. Hope, MD
Ifeoma J. Igboeli, MD
Geoffrey P. Kohn, MD
Henry J. Lujan, MD
Lisa R. Martin Hawver, MD
Sumeet K. Mittal, MD
Erica A. Moran, MD
David W. Overby, MD
Kurt E. Roberts, MD
John S. Roth, MD
Alan A. Saber, MD
J. R. Salameh, MD
Dimitrios Stefanidis, MD
Andrew S. Wright, MD
Jin S. Yoo, MD
Joerg Zehetner, MD
Marc Zerey, MD
William S. Richardson, MD (Co-Chair)
Robert D. Fanelli, MD, FACS (Chair)
It was reviewed and approved by the Board of Governors of the Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES), January 2011. Requests for prints should be sent to Society of American Gastrointestinal and Endoscopic Surgeons (SAGES), 11300 West Olympic Blvd., Suite 600, Los Angeles, CA 90064. Telephone: (310) 437-0544; Fax: (310) 437 0585; e-mail: publications@sages.org. http://www.sages.org/. This is a revision of a SAGES publication printed September 2007.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Pearl, J., Price, R., Richardson, W. et al. Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, and use of laparoscopy for surgical problems during pregnancy. Surg Endosc 25, 3479–3492 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-011-1927-3
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00464-011-1927-3