Abstract
An analysis is given of the motion of small numbers of ions (up to three) in the Penning trap. It is shown that the motion is best described in the frame rotating at half the cyclotron frequency, in which the effect of the magnetic field can be described in terms of an effective electrostatic potential. The oscillation frequencies in this frame are calculated for 1, 2 and 3 ions and related to the frequencies observed in the laboratory frame. The orientations of 2- and 3-ion crystals are calculated as a function of the trap parameters.
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Thompson, R.C., Wilson, D.C. The motion of small numbers of ions in a Penning trap. Z Phys D - Atoms, Molecules and Clusters 42, 271–277 (1997). https://doi.org/10.1007/s004600050367
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s004600050367