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The Influence of Age, Sex, Visual Feedback, Bulb Position, and the Order of Testing on Maximum Anterior and Posterior Tongue Strength in Healthy Belgian Children

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Abstract

Tongue strength and its role in the pathophysiology of dysphagia in adults are well accepted and studied. An objective and reliable measurement of tongue strength in children necessitates equally good methodology, knowledge of influencing factors, and normative data. Only limited data on testing tongue strength in children are available thereby limiting its potential use. The present study examined tongue strength and several parameters known to be important in adults in the largest sample of healthy children from 3 to 11 years old to date using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument with standard bulbs. Tongue strength increases markedly for children between 6 and 7 years, with slower increases before and after this age. Unlike adults, no influence of sex or location was found on the maximum tongue strength in children, and visual feedback was found to be counterproductive in obtaining the highest tongue pressures. The normative data obtained can be used for objective assessment of tongue weakness and subsequent therapy planning in dysphagic children.

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Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank Ellen De Keersmaecker and Janne Fret for their invaluable help in collecting the data.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Speech-Pathology and Audiology, Thomas More University College of Applied Sciences, Molenstraat 8, 2018, Antwerp, Belgium

    Jan Vanderwegen & Rik Elen

  2. Department of Otorhinolaryngology, UMC Saint-Pierre, Hoogstraat 322, 1000, Brussels, Belgium

    Jan Vanderwegen

  3. Department of Otolaryngology and Head & Neck Surgery-Rehabilitation Center for Communication Disorders, Antwerp University Hospital, Wilrijkstraat 10, Edegem, 2650, Antwerp, Belgium

    Gwen Van Nuffelen & Marc De Bodt

  4. Faculty of Speech-Pathology and Audiology, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium

    Gwen Van Nuffelen & Marc De Bodt

  5. Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, Wilrijk, 2610, Antwerp, Belgium

    Gwen Van Nuffelen & Marc De Bodt

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  1. Jan Vanderwegen
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Correspondence to Jan Vanderwegen.

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Vanderwegen, J., Van Nuffelen, G., Elen, R. et al. The Influence of Age, Sex, Visual Feedback, Bulb Position, and the Order of Testing on Maximum Anterior and Posterior Tongue Strength in Healthy Belgian Children. Dysphagia 34, 834–851 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-019-09976-x

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