Abstract
We report quantitative measurements of ten parameters of nutritive sucking behavior in 91 normal full-term infants obtained using a novel device (an Orometer) and a data collection/analytical system (Suck Editor). The sucking parameters assessed include the number of sucks, mean pressure amplitude of sucks, mean frequency of sucks per second, mean suck interval in seconds, sucking amplitude variability, suck interval variability, number of suck bursts, mean number of sucks per suck burst, mean suck burst duration, and mean interburst gap duration. For analyses, test sessions were divided into 4 × 2-min segments. In single-study tests, 36 of 60 possible comparisons of ten parameters over six pairs of 2-min time intervals showed a p value of 0.05 or less. In 15 paired tests in the same infants at different ages, 33 of 50 possible comparisons of ten parameters over five time intervals showed p values of 0.05 or less. Quantification of nutritive sucking is feasible, showing statistically valid results for ten parameters that change during a feed and with age. These findings suggest that further research, based on our approach, may show clinical value in feeding assessment, diagnosis, and clinical management.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Rogers B, Arvedson J. Assessment of infant oral sensorimotor and swallowing function. Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2005;11:74–82.
Arvedson JC, Brodsky L. Pediatric swallowing and feeding: assessment and management. 2nd ed. Sydney: Singular Thomson Learning; 2002.
Medoff-Cooper BB, Bilker W, Kaplan JM. Suckling behavior as a function of gestational age: a cross-sectional study. Infant Behav Dev. 2001;24:83–94.
Reau NR, Senturia YD, Lebailly SA, Christoffel KK. Infant and toddler feeding patterns and problems: normative data and a new direction. Pediatric practice research group. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 1996;17:149–53.
Palmer MM, Heyman MB. Developmental outcome for neonates with dysfunctional and disorganized sucking patterns: preliminary findings. Infant Toddler Interv. 1999;9:299–308.
Medoff-Cooper B. Nutritive sucking research: from clinical questions to research answers. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs. 2005;19:265–72.
Sullivan PB, Lambert B, Rose M, Ford-Adams M, Johnson A, Griffiths P. Prevalence and severity of feeding and nutritional problems in children with neurological impairment: Oxford feeding study. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000;42:674–80.
Fung EB, Samson-Fang L, Stallings VA, Conaway M, Liptak G, Henderson RC, Worley G, O’Donnell M, Calvert R, Rosenbaum P, Chumlea W, Stevenson RD. Feeding dysfunction is associated with poor growth and health status in children with cerebral palsy. J Am Diet Assoc. 2002;102:361–73.
March of Dimes. New report from the March of Dimes about the cost of pre-term birth. White Plains: March of Dimes; 2009.
Arvedson JC. Management of pediatric dysphagia. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 1998;31(3):453–76.
Kron RE, Ipsen J, Goddard KE. Consistent individual differences in the nutritive sucking behavior of the human newborn. Psychosom Med. 1968;30:151–61.
Gewolb IH, Vice FL, Schwietzer-Kenney EL, Taciak VL, Bosma JF. Developmental patterns of rhythmic suck and swallow in preterm infants. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2001;43:22–7.
Selley WG, Ellis RE, Flack FC, Brooks WA. Coordination of sucking, swallowing and breathing in the newborn: its relationship to infant feeding and normal development. Br J Disord Commun. 1990;25:311–27.
Qureshi MA, Vice FL, Taciak VL, Bosma JF, Gewolb IH. Changes in rhythmic suckle feeding patterns in term infants in the first month of life. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2002;44:34–9.
Lau C, Alagugurusamy R, Schanler RJ, Smith EO, Shulman RJ. Characterization of the developmental stages of sucking in preterm infants during bottle feeding. Acta Paediatr. 2000;89:846–52.
Lau C, Sheena HR, Shulman RJ, Schanler RJ. Oral feeding in low birth weight infants. J Pediatr. 1997;130:561–9.
Waterland RA, Berkowitz RI, Stunkard AJ, Stallings VA. Calibrated-orifice nipples for measurement of infant nutritive sucking. J Pediatr. 1998;132:523–6.
Amaizu N, Shulman R, Schanler R, Lau C. Maturation of oral feeding skills in preterm infants. Acta Paediatr. 2008;97:61–7.
Lau C, Kusnierczyk I. Quantitative evaluation of infant’s nonnutritive and nutritive sucking. Dysphagia. 2001;16:58–67.
McGowan JS, Marsh RR, Fowler SM, Levy SE, Stallings VA. Developmental patterns of normal nutritive sucking in infants. Dev Med Child Neurol. 1991;33:891–7.
Medoff-Cooper B, Shults J, Kaplan J. Sucking behavior of preterm neonates as a predictor of developmental outcomes. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2009;30:16–22.
Medoff-Cooper B, Weininger S, Zukowsky K. Neonatal sucking as a clinical assessment tool: preliminary findings. Nurs Res. 1989;38:162–5.
Medoff-Cooper B. Changes in nutritive sucking patterns with increasing gestational age. Nurs Res. 1991;40:245–7.
Medoff-Cooper B, McGrath JM, Shults J. Feeding patterns of full-term and preterm infants at forty weeks postconceptional age. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2002;23:231–6.
da Costa SP, van den Engel-Hoek L, Bos AF. Sucking and swallowing in infants and diagnostic tools. J Perinatol. 2008;28:247–57.
Buist NRM, Lang WC, Buckley S, Geary A, Adams E, Winter SC, Evered J, Rogers BR. Quantification of nutritive sucking: a new approach to developmental assessment? In: 11th International congress for inborn errors of metabolism, Society of Inherited Metabolic Disorders, San Diego, CA, August 29–September 2, 2009.
Palmer MM, Crawley K, Blanco IA. Neonatal oral-motor assessment scale: a reliability study. J Perinatol. 1993;13:28–35.
Palmer MM. Recognizing and resolving infant suck difficulties. J Hum Lact. 2002;18:166–7.
Nyqvist KH, Rubertsson C, Ewald U, Sjoden PO. Development of the preterm infant breastfeeding behavior scale (PIBBS): a study of nurse–mother agreement. J Hum Lact. 1996;12:207–19.
Skuse D, Wolke D, Reilly S. SOMA: Schedule for oral motor assessment. London: Whurr; 2000.
Wolff PH. The serial organization of sucking in the young infant. Pediatrics. 1968;42:943–56.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by an SBIR grant (No. R43 HD-38234) to Metabolic Nutritionals from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.
Conflict of interest
N. Buist and S. Buckley jointly hold a patent for the Orometer. It has not been assigned to any company.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lang, W.C., Buist, N.R.M., Geary, A. et al. Quantification of Intraoral Pressures During Nutritive Sucking: Methods with Normal Infants. Dysphagia 26, 277–286 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-010-9305-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00455-010-9305-1