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Enhanced bactericidal, antibiofilm and antioxidative response of Lawsonia inermis leaf extract synthesized ZnO NPs loaded with commercial antibiotic

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Abstract

Globally, antibiotic resistance is a challenging issue in healthcare sector. The emergence of multiple drug-resistant bacteria has forced us to modify existing medicines and or formulate newer medicines that are effective and inexpensive. In this perspective, this study involves the formation of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) by utilizing the Lawsonia inermis (Li) leaf extract. The prepared L. inermis leaf extract mediated ZnO NPs (Li-ZnO NPs) were bio-physically characterized. The antibacterial and radical scavenging effects of Li-ZnO NPs were evaluated. In addition, ZnO NPs were conjugated with standard antibiotic (ciprofloxacin) and its drug loading efficiency, drug release and antibacterial efficacy were tested and compared with non-drug loaded ZnO NPs. An absorbance peak at 340 nm was noted for Li-ZnO NPs. After conjugation with the drug, two absorbance peaks- one at 242 nm characteristic of ciprofloxacin and the other at 350 nm characteristics of ZnO NPs were observed. The crystallite size was 18.7 nm as determined by XRD. The antibacterial effect was higher on Gram-positive (S. aureus and S. pyogenes) than the Gram-negative pathogens (E. coli and K. pneumoniae). Inhibition of S. aureus and S. pyogenes biofilm at 100 μg mL−1were, respectively, 97.5 and 92.6%. H2O2 free radicals was inhibited to 90% compared to the standard ascorbic acid at 100 μg mL−1. After drug loading, the FTIR spectrum confirmed the existence of ciprofloxacin peaks at 965 cm−1 and Zn–O bond at 492 cm−1. The drug loading capacity of 15 nm sized ZnO NPs was higher (58, 75, 90 and 95% at 1, 2.5, 5 and 10% drug concentrations, respectively) compared to 20 nm. Similarly, the percentage of drug (ciprofloxacin) released from 15 nm ZnO NPs were increased to 90% at 10% drug-loaded samples, respectively. Also, the antibiotic loaded ZnO NPs had significant antibacterial effects against tested bacteria compared to Li-ZnO NPs and ciprofloxacin alone. This revealed that the antibiotic loaded ZnO NPs offer a sustainable route to treat multi-drug-resistant bacterial infections.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank the Department of Biology, GRI for supporting lab facilities. The authors also thank the Department of Chemistry, GRI for their help in sample analysis using analytical instrumental facilities.

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  1. Balasubramanian Malaikozhundan and Sonaimuthu Mohandoss are contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, The Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed to Be University), 624 302, Gandhigram, Dindigul District, Tamil Nadu, India

    Balasubramanian Malaikozhundan, Raman Krishnamoorthi & Palanichamy Vidhya Bharathi

  2. School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 38541, Gyeongsan, Republic of Korea

    Sonaimuthu Mohandoss

  3. Pharmaceutics Laboratory, Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Chang Gung University, 333, Taoyuan, Taiwan

    Raman Krishnamoorthi

  4. East Coast Life Sciences Institute, Gangneung-Wonju National University, 120, Gangneung, 210-702, Gangwon, Republic of Korea

    Subramanian Palanisamy

  5. Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Umayal Ramanathan College for Women, Alagappa University, 630 003, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu, India

    Jayaraj Vinodhini

  6. Parvathy’s Anugrahaa International School, 624 002, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu, India

    Jayaraj Vinodhini

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  1. Balasubramanian Malaikozhundan
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Contributions

BM: investigation, conceptualization, methodology and writing original draft, review, editing and statistics. SM: investigation, methodology, data curation and review. RK: methodology, review and editing. PVB: review and editing. SP: methodology, writing original draft and statistics. JV: methodology, data curation, formal analysis, conceptualization and validation.

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Malaikozhundan, B., Mohandoss, S., Krishnamoorthi, R. et al. Enhanced bactericidal, antibiofilm and antioxidative response of Lawsonia inermis leaf extract synthesized ZnO NPs loaded with commercial antibiotic. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-024-03000-9

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