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Process optimization for enzymatic production of a valuable biomass-based ester from levulinic acid

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Abstract

The enzymatic production of isoamyl levulinate via esterification of isoamyl alcohol (IA) and levulinic acid (LA), a biomass-based platform chemical with attractive properties, in a solvent system has been performed in this study. For such a purpose, a low-cost liquid lipase (Eversa® Transform 2.0) immobilized by physical adsorption via hydrophobic interactions (mechanism of interfacial activation) on mesoporous poly(styrenene-divinylbenzene) (PSty-DVB) beads was used as heterogeneous biocatalyst. It was prepared at low ionic strength (5 mmol.L−1 buffer sodium acetate pH 5.0) and 25 ℃ using an initial protein loading of 40 mg.g−1 of support. Maximum protein loading of 31.2 ± 2.8 mg.g−1 of support and an immobilization yield of 83% was achieved. The influence of relevant factors (biocatalyst concentration and reaction temperature) on ester production was investigated using a central composite rotatable design (CCRD). Maximum acid conversion percentage of 65% was achieved after 12 h of reaction at 40 °C, 20% of mass of heterogeneous biocatalyst per mass of reaction mixture (20% m.m−1), and LA:IA molar ratio of 1:1.5 in a methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) medium. The biocatalyst retained around of 30% of its initial activity after five consecutive esterification batches under optimal experimental conditions. The proposed experimental procedure can be considered as an acceptable green process (EcoScale score of 66.5), in addition to the fact that a new strategy is proposed to sustainably produce a valuable industrial ester (isoamyl levulinate) from biomass-based materials using an immobilized and low-cost commercial lipase as catalyst.

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Acknowledgements

The present study was financed in part by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) - Brazil - Finance Code 001. The authors also thank the financial support of Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais (FAPEMIG): Brazil (Process APQ-01691-21), and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq): Brazil (Process 404929/2016-8). Marcus V. S. Cambraia thanks the CAPES Foundation for the student fellowship. Adriano A. Mendes thanks the CNPq Foundation for his research fellowship (PQ-2 CA EQ, Grant 310633/2020-6).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Graduate Program in Biotechnology, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, 37130-001, Brazil

    Marcus V. S. Cambraia, Ana K. F. Carvalho & Adriano A. Mendes

  2. Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, 37130-001, Brazil

    Marcus V. S. Cambraia, Ana K. F. Carvalho & Adriano A. Mendes

  3. Tiradentes University, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Farolândia, Aracaju, Sergipe, 49032-490, Brazil

    Milson S. Barbosa & Cleide M. F. Soares

  4. Institute of Technology and Research, Av. Murilo Dantas 300, Farolândia, Aracaju, Sergipe, 49032-490, Brazil

    Milson S. Barbosa & Cleide M. F. Soares

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MVS: visualization, investigation, data curation, and writing–original draft. MSB, CMFS, and AKFC: conceptualization, methodology, and writing–review & editing. AAM: conceptualization, supervision, funding acquisition, and writing–review & editing.

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Correspondence to Adriano A. Mendes.

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Cambraia, M.V.S., Barbosa, M.S., Soares, C.M.F. et al. Process optimization for enzymatic production of a valuable biomass-based ester from levulinic acid. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 46, 53–67 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-022-02813-w

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